# Concrete / Masonry

## Fibre-Cement Products

### Fibre-Cement

Fibre-cement combines Portland cement matrix with cellulose or synthetic fibres to create durable composite boards. These materials provide excellent weather resistance and durability in exterior applications. Typical applications include exterior cladding, facade panels, soffit boards, and roofing underlayment. Material is non-asbestos formulated to meet modern health standards. Fiber reinforcement provides impact resistance and dimensional stability. Colour fastness is excellent with minimal colour change over 15-20 years. Requires ventilation cavity and drainage plane for proper performance in building assemblies.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                                 |
| -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Composite Cladding                                                    |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.006                                                                 |
| Thickness (mm)       | 6.0                                                                   |
| Thickness (inches)   | 0.236"                                                                |
| Colour               | Grey/Natural                                                          |
| Primary Applications | Exterior cladding, facade panels, soffit boards, roofing underlayment |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric        | Imperial               |
| ---------------------------- | ------------- | ---------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 0.25 W/(m·K)  | 1.44 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 1000 J/(kg·K) | 0.24 BTU/(lb·°F)       |
| Density                      | 1360 kg/m³    | 84.9 lb/ft³            |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.02 m²·K/W   | 0.14 ft²·°F·h/BTU      |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value          |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 990.9          |
| sd-value                                     | 5.9454 m       |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 4954.50 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 29.73 MN.s/g   |
| Perm Rating                                  | 0.06 perms     |

***

## Natural Stone & Masonry

### Limestone

Limestone represents thin veneer or finish panel thickness used in architectural applications. Calcitic limestone composition determines acid-rain resistance and durability. Material is hygroscopic with 0.02-0.05% expansion potential requiring movement joints. Density ranges 2300-2700 kg/m³ depending on porosity. Excellent for interior applications; exterior requires protective sealants in acidic environments. Compatible with lime mortars and traditional construction methods. High thermal mass despite thin section provides thermal buffering in wall assemblies.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                                  |
| -------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Natural Stone Veneer                                                   |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.012                                                                  |
| Thickness (mm)       | 12.0                                                                   |
| Thickness (inches)   | 0.472"                                                                 |
| Colour               | Cream/White                                                            |
| Primary Applications | Interior finishes, stone cladding, architectural details, thin veneers |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial               |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 0.94 W/(m·K) | 5.43 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 840 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)       |
| Density                      | 2217 kg/m³   | 138.4 lb/ft³           |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.01 m²·K/W  | 0.07 ft²·°F·h/BTU      |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value         |
| -------------------------------------------- | ------------- |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 74            |
| sd-value                                     | 0.8880 m      |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 370.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 4.44 MN.s/g   |
| Perm Rating                                  | 0.80 perms    |

***

## Plaster & Cementitious Finishes

### Plaster

Plaster represents traditional lime-based or gypsum finish coat materials used for interior and exterior applications. Material typically installed 10mm thickness as finish coat. Hybrid binder system balances strength with breathability. Cure time varies 7-28 days depending on composition and environmental conditions. Lower vapour resistance compared to cement-only finishes makes plaster suitable for breathable construction. Compatible with breathable substrates and vapor-open insulation systems. Good adhesion to most surfaces and accepts various finishes. Moderate thermal mass contribution to building envelope.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                               |
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Finish Plaster                                                      |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.010                                                               |
| Thickness (mm)       | 10.0                                                                |
| Thickness (inches)   | 0.394"                                                              |
| Colour               | Off-white/Cream                                                     |
| Primary Applications | Interior/exterior finish coat, surface coating, breathable finishes |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial               |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 0.8 W/(m·K)  | 4.62 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 850 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)       |
| Density                      | 1900 kg/m³   | 118.7 lb/ft³           |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.01 m²·K/W  | 0.07 ft²·°F·h/BTU      |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value        |
| -------------------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 19           |
| sd-value                                     | 0.1900 m     |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 95.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 0.95 MN.s/g  |
| Perm Rating                                  | 3.11 perms   |

***

## Concrete & Cement Products

### Concrete Block

Concrete block represents standard load-bearing masonry unit of 90mm nominal thickness. These units provide structural support and moderate thermal mass in wall assemblies. Typical applications include load-bearing walls, non-load-bearing partitions, and fire protection. Density varies with aggregate type and composition. µ-value of 248 provides moderate vapor resistance suitable for most climates. Requires proper mortar joints and finish coats for weather resistance. Excellent durability and fire resistance. Thermal conductivity varies with moisture content and aggregate density.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                      |
| -------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Load-Bearing Masonry                                       |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.090                                                      |
| Thickness (mm)       | 90.0                                                       |
| Thickness (inches)   | 3.543"                                                     |
| Colour               | Grey                                                       |
| Primary Applications | Load-bearing walls, structural partitions, fire protection |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial               |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 1.1 W/(m·K)  | 6.35 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 850 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)       |
| Density                      | 2220 kg/m³   | 138.6 lb/ft³           |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.08 m²·K/W  | 0.46 ft²·°F·h/BTU      |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value          |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 248            |
| sd-value                                     | 22.3200 m      |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 1240.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 111.60 MN.s/g  |
| Perm Rating                                  | 0.24 perms     |

***

### Cement

Cement mortar and paste represents structural cementitious material used in masonry construction and concrete applications. Typical thickness 150mm represents thick concrete or mortar bed layer. High µ-value of 248 provides substantial vapor resistance. Requires finishing with suitable surface treatments for water protection. Excellent durability and fire resistance in building assemblies. Thermal mass is significant at 150mm thickness. Typically used as structural element requiring breathable finishes and vapor management on outer face. Moisture sensitivity requires protection from prolonged saturation.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                                 |
| -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Cementitious Material                                                 |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.150                                                                 |
| Thickness (mm)       | 150.0                                                                 |
| Thickness (inches)   | 5.906"                                                                |
| Colour               | Grey                                                                  |
| Primary Applications | Mortar beds, concrete layers, structural elements, load-bearing walls |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ----------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 2.1 W/(m·K)  | 12.12 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 850 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)        |
| Density                      | 2400 kg/m³   | 149.9 lb/ft³            |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.07 m²·K/W  | 0.41 ft²·°F·h/BTU       |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value          |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 248            |
| sd-value                                     | 37.2000 m      |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 1240.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 186.00 MN.s/g  |
| Perm Rating                                  | 0.24 perms     |

***

### Concrete

Concrete represents rigid structural concrete material used in mass load-bearing applications. Typical thickness 150mm represents standard concrete slab or wall thickness. Provides excellent structural capacity, fire resistance, and thermal mass. High µ-value of 248 provides substantial vapor resistance requiring breathable finishes. Suitable for basement construction, structural floors, and load-bearing walls. Moisture content significantly affects thermal conductivity. Vapor permeability varies with aggregate type, mix design, and moisture content. Requires protection from prolonged water exposure.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                                      |
| -------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Structural Concrete                                                        |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.150                                                                      |
| Thickness (mm)       | 150.0                                                                      |
| Thickness (inches)   | 5.906"                                                                     |
| Colour               | Grey                                                                       |
| Primary Applications | Structural slabs, load-bearing walls, basement construction, floor systems |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial                |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ----------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 2.1 W/(m·K)  | 12.12 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 850 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)        |
| Density                      | 2400 kg/m³   | 149.9 lb/ft³            |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.07 m²·K/W  | 0.41 ft²·°F·h/BTU       |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value          |
| -------------------------------------------- | -------------- |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 248            |
| sd-value                                     | 37.2000 m      |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 1240.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 186.00 MN.s/g  |
| Perm Rating                                  | 0.24 perms     |

***

## Masonry Units

### Clay Brick

Clay brick represents traditional fired clay masonry unit with 110mm nominal thickness. These units provide excellent durability, fire resistance, and aesthetic variety. Typical applications include load-bearing walls, non-load-bearing veneers, and decorative finishes. Low µ-value of 10 provides excellent vapor permeability suitable for breathable construction. Fired at high temperatures creating durable, stable product. Color and texture variety available through different clay sources and firing processes. Moisture absorption varies with porosity and clay composition. Excellent compatibility with lime mortars in traditional construction.

#### Basic Information

| Property             | Value                                                                                       |
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Type                 | Fired Clay Masonry                                                                          |
| Thickness (m)        | 0.110                                                                                       |
| Thickness (mm)       | 110.0                                                                                       |
| Thickness (inches)   | 4.331"                                                                                      |
| Colour               | Red/Orange/Brown                                                                            |
| Primary Applications | Load-bearing walls, non-load-bearing veneers, decorative finishes, traditional construction |

#### Thermal Properties

| Property                     | Metric       | Imperial               |
| ---------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------- |
| Thermal Conductivity         | 0.65 W/(m·K) | 3.75 BTU·in/(h·ft²·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity       | 850 J/(kg·K) | 0.20 BTU/(lb·°F)       |
| Density                      | 1690 kg/m³   | 105.5 lb/ft³           |
| Thermal Resistance (R-value) | 0.17 m²·K/W  | 0.96 ft²·°F·h/BTU      |

#### Vapour Properties

| Property                                     | Value        |
| -------------------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor (µ) | 10           |
| sd-value                                     | 1.1000 m     |
| Vapor Resistivity                            | 50.00 MNs/gm |
| Vapor Resistance                             | 5.50 MN.s/g  |
| Perm Rating                                  | 5.90 perms   |