# ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019 Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method

This document provides all tables, equations, and requirements needed to complete ECB energy modeling for code compliance.

## 1. Overview & Process

This section introduces the ECB method and explains when and why to use it. The ECB method allows designers to trade off efficiency between building systems while still meeting energy code requirements.

### What is the ECB Method?

The Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method is a performance-based compliance path in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019. Instead of meeting each prescriptive requirement individually, designers use whole-building energy simulation to demonstrate that the proposed building's annual energy cost does not exceed a budget building designed to minimally comply with prescriptive requirements.

> **Compliance Criterion:** Design Energy Cost (DEC) ≤ Energy Cost Budget (ECB)

**Key Concepts:**

* **Design Energy Cost (DEC):** The annual energy cost calculated for the proposed building design
* **Energy Cost Budget (ECB):** The annual energy cost calculated for a budget building that meets prescriptive requirements
* **Trade-offs:** Better performance in one area (e.g., lighting) can offset worse performance in another (e.g., envelope)

### When to Use ECB vs. Other Compliance Paths

Choose your compliance path based on project complexity, design goals, and certification requirements. ECB is ideal when you want flexibility but still need to demonstrate code compliance.

| Compliance Path  | Reference     | Best For                                                  | Trade-offs Allowed                | Renewables      |
| ---------------- | ------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------- |
| Prescriptive     | Sections 5-10 | Simple buildings, standard designs                        | None — must meet each requirement | Not considered  |
| ECB Method       | Section 11    | Complex buildings, innovative designs needing flexibility | Envelope, Lighting, HVAC, SWH     | Reduce DEC only |
| Appendix G (PRM) | Appendix G    | Beyond-code programs, LEED, incentives                    | All systems                       | Can reduce both |

### ECB vs. Appendix G: Key Differences

Understanding these differences is critical. ECB is for code compliance; Appendix G is for rating beyond-code performance. The budget building is constructed differently in each method.

| Feature                  | ECB Method (Section 11)                               | Appendix G (PRM)                                     |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
| Primary Purpose          | Code compliance demonstration                         | Beyond-code performance rating                       |
| Budget HVAC System       | Based on proposed system type (follows Figure 11.5.2) | Standardized baseline systems (Table G3.1.1-3)       |
| Budget Envelope          | Prescriptive requirements from Section 5.5            | Prescriptive requirements from Section 5.5           |
| On-site Renewables       | Reduce proposed (DEC) only; NOT in budget             | Can be included in both models per rules             |
| Exceptional Calculations | Section 11.6                                          | Section G2.5                                         |
| Used For                 | Building permits, code compliance                     | LEED, utility incentives, beyond-code certifications |

### ECB Compliance Workflow

Follow these six steps in order. Steps 1-2 (prerequisites and mandatory) must be completed before any modeling begins. The simulation work happens in Steps 3-5.

{% stepper %}
{% step %}

#### **Verify Applicability**

Confirm ECB is appropriate for the project and accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). Check Section 11.1.
{% endstep %}

{% step %}

#### **Check Mandatory Provisions**

Verify compliance with ALL mandatory requirements in Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, and 10.4. These cannot be traded off.
{% endstep %}

{% step %}

#### **Setup Simulation**

Select approved software, obtain TMY weather data, and gather utility rate schedules per Section 11.4.
{% endstep %}

{% step %}

#### **Build Models**

Create Proposed Design and Budget Building models per Table 11.5.1 and Section 11.5.2.
{% endstep %}

{% step %}

#### **Run & Compare**

Execute annual simulations and verify DEC ≤ ECB. Check unmet load hours ≤ 300.
{% endstep %}

{% step %}

#### **Document**

Prepare all required submittals per Section 11.7 for permit application and completion.
{% endstep %}
{% endstepper %}

## 2. Applicability (Section 11.1)

This section defines when ECB can be used and what preconditions must be met. Not all projects are suitable for ECB, verify applicability before investing in energy modeling.

### Section 11 Structure Map

| Section | Title                           | Content                                            |
| ------- | ------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| 11.1    | General                         | Applicability, preconditions, scope                |
| 11.2    | Compliance                      | Five compliance gates (a-e) that must ALL be met   |
| 11.3    | Trade-Off Limitations           | Restrictions for alterations to existing buildings |
| 11.4    | Simulation General Requirements | Software, weather data, energy rates               |
| 11.5    | Calculating DEC and ECB         | Table 11.5.1 modeling rules + HVAC system rules    |
| 11.6    | Exceptional Calculation Methods | Procedures for non-standard approaches             |
| 11.7    | Submittals                      | Documentation for permits and completion           |

### Project Types Where ECB May Be Used

* **New Buildings:** Complete new construction projects
* **Additions:** New conditioned space added to existing buildings
* **Alterations:** Changes to existing buildings (with limitations per Section 11.3)

### Preconditions for ECB Use

All five preconditions must be satisfied before proceeding with ECB. If any cannot be met, use the prescriptive compliance path instead.

1. **Scope Allows Performance Path:** Project scope and contracts permit performance-based compliance demonstration
2. **AHJ Acceptance:** Authority Having Jurisdiction accepts ECB method for this project type and location
3. **Approved Software Available:** Simulation program meeting Section 11.4.1 requirements is available (must be tested per ASHRAE Standard 140)
4. **Climate Data Available:** TMY or equivalent weather data is available for the project location
5. **Energy Rates Obtainable:** Actual utility rate structures can be obtained from local utilities or AHJ

### Trade-Off Limitations for Alterations (Section 11.3)

Alterations have stricter limits than new construction. These rules prevent using ECB to significantly degrade existing envelope performance.

* Shall not increase the overall building envelope U-factor by more than 10% compared to existing conditions
* Shall not increase fenestration SHGC beyond prescriptive limits in Section 5.5
* Must meet all mandatory requirements of Section 5.4 for altered components
* Existing building portions may be excluded from modeling if conditions in Table 11.5.1 Category 2 are met

## 3. Compliance Criteria (Section 11.2)

This is the heart of ECB compliance. ALL FIVE gates must be passed. Failing any single gate means the building does not comply, regardless of how well it performs on the others.

### The Five Compliance Gates

**ALL FIVE gates must be met for compliance:**

| Gate | Requirement                                                    | Reference                              | Can Be Traded Off?                   |
| ---- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| (a)  | Meet ALL mandatory provisions                                  | Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, 10.4 | NO — Must be met                     |
| (b)  | Meet prescriptive requirements of Section 6.5 OR Section 6.6   | Section 6.5 or 6.6                     | NO — Must be met                     |
| (c)  | Meet Section 8 (Power) EXCEPT lighting controls portion        | Section 8                              | NO — Must be met                     |
| (d)  | Meet Section 10 (Other Equipment) EXCEPT motors covered by 6.5 | Section 10                             | NO — Must be met                     |
| (e)  | Design Energy Cost ≤ Energy Cost Budget                        | Section 11.5                           | YES — This is where trade-offs occur |

#### Understanding Gate (e): The Trade-Off Gate

Gate (e) is where the performance trade-offs actually happen. If your proposed envelope is worse than prescriptive, you can compensate with better lighting or HVAC efficiency. The simulation calculates the net effect on annual energy cost.

***

## 4. Mandatory Provisions (Sections 5.4-10.4)

Mandatory provisions are non-negotiable requirements that apply regardless of compliance path. They represent minimum acceptable practice and cannot be traded off against better performance elsewhere. Review each section carefully before beginning energy modeling.

### Section 5.4: Building Envelope Mandatory Provisions

These envelope requirements ensure basic construction quality and air barrier continuity. They apply to all envelope components regardless of U-factor trade-offs.

<table><thead><tr><th width="161">Section</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>5.4.1</td><td>Insulation Installation</td><td>Install per manufacturer specifications; continuous air barrier required; insulation must fill cavity completely</td></tr><tr><td>5.4.2</td><td>Fenestration Ratings</td><td>All fenestration products must have NFRC ratings; site-built fenestration must be tested per NFRC 100</td></tr><tr><td>5.4.3.1</td><td>Building Air Leakage</td><td>Continuous air barrier required OR whole-building testing ≤0.4 cfm/ft² at 75 Pa pressure differential</td></tr><tr><td>5.4.3.2</td><td>Fenestration Air Leakage</td><td>Fixed fenestration: ≤0.3 cfm/ft²; Operable fenestration: ≤0.4 cfm/ft² (tested per NFRC 400)</td></tr><tr><td>5.4.3.3</td><td>Loading Dock Weatherseals</td><td>Cargo doors must have weatherseals to restrict air infiltration</td></tr><tr><td>5.4.3.4</td><td>Vestibules</td><td>Required at building entrances in Climate Zones 3-8 (with specific exceptions for revolving doors, small buildings, etc.)</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Section 6.4: HVAC Mandatory Provisions

HVAC mandatory provisions cover equipment efficiency minimums, required controls, and system completion requirements. These ensure basic system functionality and efficiency.

<table><thead><tr><th width="156">Section</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>6.4.1</td><td>Minimum Equipment Efficiencies</td><td>All HVAC equipment must meet minimum efficiencies in Tables 6.8.1-1 through 6.8.1-16</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.2</td><td>Load Calculations</td><td>Heating and cooling loads must be calculated per approved methods (ASHRAE Handbook, ACCA Manual N, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.1</td><td>Thermostatic Controls</td><td>Each zone must have individual temperature control; deadband capability required</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.2</td><td>Setpoint Overlap Restriction</td><td>Deadband between heating and cooling setpoints ≥5°F (2.8°C) to prevent simultaneous heating/cooling</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.3</td><td>Off-Hour Controls</td><td>Systems must have automatic setback/setup controls, optimum start capability, and zone isolation</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.4</td><td>Shutoff Dampers</td><td>Automatic shutoff dampers required on outdoor air intakes ≥300 cfm serving single zone</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.5</td><td>Snow/Ice-Melting Controls</td><td>Automatic controls with temperature/moisture sensors required</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.6</td><td>Freeze Protection</td><td>Automatic controls that shut down after conditions normalize</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.7</td><td>Humidification/Dehumidification</td><td>Systems with both must have ≥10°F (5.5°C) deadband between setpoints</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.3.8</td><td>Demand Controlled Ventilation</td><td>Required for spaces ≥500 ft² with design occupancy ≥25 people per 1000 ft²</td></tr><tr><td>6.4.4</td><td>System Completion</td><td>Air and hydronic system balancing required; commissioning per Section 6.7.2</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Section 7.4: Service Water Heating Mandatory Provisions

SWH mandatory provisions ensure efficient water heating equipment and proper piping insulation to minimize standby and distribution losses.

<table><thead><tr><th width="158">Section</th><th>Requirement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>7.4.1</td><td>Load calculations required per approved methods</td></tr><tr><td>7.4.2</td><td>Minimum equipment efficiency per Table 7.8 (water heaters, boilers, storage tanks)</td></tr><tr><td>7.4.3</td><td>Temperature controls required; outlet temperature limiting for safety</td></tr><tr><td>7.4.4</td><td>Piping insulation required per Table 6.8.3-1 for all hot water piping</td></tr><tr><td>7.4.5</td><td>Heat traps required on storage tank inlet and outlet (unless integral to tank)</td></tr><tr><td>7.4.6</td><td>Swimming pool covers required when not in use; time switches on heaters and pumps</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Section 8.4: Power Mandatory Provisions

Power provisions address electrical system efficiency and energy monitoring. These apply regardless of lighting system trade-offs.

<table><thead><tr><th width="160">Section</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>8.4.1</td><td>Voltage Drop Limits</td><td>Feeders: ≤2%; Branch circuits: ≤3%; Total: ≤5%</td></tr><tr><td>8.4.2</td><td>Automatic Receptacle Control</td><td>50% of 125V 15/20A receptacles in offices, computer rooms, etc. must be automatically switched OFF during unoccupied hours</td></tr><tr><td>8.4.3</td><td>Energy Monitoring</td><td>Required for buildings ≥25,000 ft²; must record electrical energy use by major end-use category</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Section 9.4: Lighting Mandatory Provisions

Lighting controls are mandatory regardless of lighting power density trade-offs. These ensure lights are not left on unnecessarily.

<table><thead><tr><th width="168">Section</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>9.4.1.1</td><td>Local Controls</td><td>Readily accessible; maximum 2,500 ft² per control point; maximum 10,000 ft² between points</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.1.2</td><td>Restricted Auto-ON</td><td>Manual-ON required, OR partial auto-ON limited to ≤50% of connected power</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.1.3</td><td>Auto-OFF Controls</td><td>Automatic shutoff within 20 minutes of vacancy; occupancy sensors or scheduled shutoff required</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.1.4</td><td>Daylight-Responsive Controls</td><td>Required in primary and secondary sidelit zones and toplit zones; stepped or continuous dimming</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.1.5</td><td>Specific Application Controls</td><td>Additional controls for display/accent lighting, hotel/motel guest rooms, task lighting, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.2</td><td>Tandem Wiring</td><td>Required for recessed fluorescent luminaires in accessible ceilings</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.3</td><td>Exit Signs</td><td>Maximum 5W per face</td></tr><tr><td>9.4.4</td><td>Exterior Lighting Controls</td><td>Photosensor AND astronomical time switch required for all exterior lighting</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Section 10.4: Other Equipment Mandatory Provisions

These requirements cover electric motors, elevators, and escalators — equipment often overlooked in energy modeling but with significant impact.

<table><thead><tr><th width="167">Section</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>10.4.1</td><td>Electric Motors</td><td>Must meet minimum efficiency per Tables 10.8-1 through 10.8-5 (NEMA Premium or better)</td></tr><tr><td>10.4.2</td><td>Elevators</td><td>Cab lighting ≤3.14 W/ft²; ventilation must shut down when cab is stopped</td></tr><tr><td>10.4.3</td><td>Escalators/Moving Walkways</td><td>Must have speed reduction or shutoff when unoccupied</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 5. Simulation Requirements (Section 11.4)

This section specifies the technical requirements for energy simulation. Using proper software, weather data, and energy rates is essential for valid compliance documentation.

### 11.4.1: Simulation Program Requirements

Not all energy modeling software qualifies. The program must be capable of detailed hourly simulation and must be tested against ASHRAE Standard 140.

<table><thead><tr><th width="175">Item</th><th>Requirement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>(a)</td><td>8760-hour annual simulation with timesteps of 1 hour or less</td></tr><tr><td>(b)</td><td>Model hourly variations in occupancy, lighting power, equipment power, thermostat setpoints, and HVAC system operation</td></tr><tr><td>(c)</td><td>Model part-load performance of HVAC equipment based on manufacturer data or AHRI standard ratings</td></tr><tr><td>(d)</td><td>Model air-side economizers with integrated control (economizer + mechanical cooling simultaneously)</td></tr><tr><td>(e)</td><td>Account for supply fan energy consumption at part-load conditions</td></tr><tr><td>(f)</td><td>Account for the effect of building orientation on envelope loads (solar gains)</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Additional Simulation Requirements

<table><thead><tr><th width="181">Section</th><th>Requirement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>11.4.1.2</td><td>Where systems differ significantly, model separately or apply appropriate weighting factors</td></tr><tr><td>11.4.1.3</td><td>Where the simulation cannot directly model an element, use approved alternate calculation procedures</td></tr><tr><td>11.4.1.4</td><td>Simulation program must be tested per ASHRAE Standard 140; test results must be publicly available</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Approved Simulation Programs

The following programs are commonly used and have been tested per Standard 140:

* **EnergyPlus** — DOE reference engine; used by many front-end interfaces
* **eQUEST** — DOE-2.2 based; widely used for compliance
* **TRACE 700/3D** — Trane commercial software
* **HAP** — Carrier Hourly Analysis Program
* **IES Virtual Environment** — Integrated Environmental Solutions
* **OpenStudio** — NREL interface for EnergyPlus

### 11.4.2: Climate Data

Weather data must be consistent between proposed and budget models. TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) data represents average conditions over many years.

* Use TMY data from ASHRAE, NREL, or equivalent approved source
* Same weather file must be used for both proposed and budget models
* Climate zone determined per Appendix B of Standard 90.1 or per IECC
* If exact location data unavailable, use nearest representative weather station

### 11.4.3: Energy Rates

Energy rates convert simulated energy use to costs. Accurate rates are essential since compliance is based on cost, not energy.

* Use actual utility rates as approved by AHJ
* Include all applicable rate structures:
  * Time-of-use rates (different prices by time of day)
  * Demand charges (based on peak kW)
  * Ratchet clauses (demand locked in for multiple months)
  * Block rates (different prices by consumption tier)
* District heating/cooling: use actual rates from district provider
* On-site generation: value exported/used energy at same rate as purchased energy
* Same rates must be used for both proposed and budget models

### 11.4.4: On-Site Renewable Energy

Unlike Appendix G, ECB treats renewables asymmetrically, they only benefit the proposed design. This prevents using renewables to offset poor building design.

* **Proposed Design:** On-site renewable energy MAY be included (reduces DEC)
* **Budget Building:** On-site renewable energy shall NOT be included
* **Exception:** Where renewable energy is required by code or regulation, include in BOTH models at the minimum required capacity

## 6. Table 11.5.1: Modeling Requirements (All 14 Categories)

Table 11.5.1 is the core of ECB modeling. It specifies exactly how to model each building element in both the proposed and budget models. Follow these rules precisely — deviations can invalidate the compliance analysis.

> **Global Exception:** Energy used for on-site vehicle recharging for off-site transportation shall NOT be modeled in either DEC or ECB calculations.

### Category 1: Design Model

Category 1 establishes the fundamental relationship between proposed and budget models. The proposed model represents the actual design; the budget model is a modified version meeting prescriptive requirements.

#### Proposed Design

**(a)** The simulation model shall be consistent with the design documents for:

* Envelope (orientation, materials, fenestration)
* Lighting systems and controls
* HVAC systems, equipment, and controls
* Service water heating systems

**(b)** All conditioned spaces shall be simulated as BOTH heated AND cooled, even if only one system is installed. Thermostat setpoints and schedules shall be identical for heating-only and cooling-only spaces.

**(c)** Where building components or systems have not been designed:

* Model at minimum mandatory + prescriptive requirements
* Unknown building type classification: assume "office building"

#### Budget Building Design

The budget building design shall be developed by modifying the proposed design according to the specific instructions in each category of this table. All features not specifically addressed shall be identical to the proposed design.

### Category 2: Additions and Alterations

For additions and alterations, existing portions of the building may be excluded from the simulation under specific conditions. This simplifies modeling while ensuring accurate comparison.

Existing portions of the building may be excluded from both proposed and budget models if ALL of the following conditions are met:

**(a)** Work in the excluded portions complies with applicable requirements of Sections 5-10

**(b)** Excluded portions are served by entirely separate HVAC systems from the addition/alteration

**(c)** Design temperatures and schedules at the boundary between excluded and included portions are identical

**(d)** Where declining block utility rates apply, the combined building and addition consumption is used to determine energy prices

### Category 3: Space Use Classification

Space classification determines lighting power allowances. Choose one method and apply it consistently throughout the project, mixing methods is not permitted.

Use EITHER:

* **Section 9.5.1 — Building Area Method:** Single LPD for entire building based on building type
* **Section 9.6.1 — Space-by-Space Method:** Different LPD for each space type

**Do NOT combine methods** within a single permit application.

**Exception:** Where specific space types neither exist nor are designated in design documents, use the Building Area Method for those spaces.

### Category 4: Schedules

Schedules drive energy use throughout the simulation year. Temperature schedules must be identical between models to ensure a fair comparison.

#### Required Schedule Types

* Occupancy (people per zone by hour)
* Lighting power (fraction of installed power by hour)
* Equipment/receptacle power (fraction by hour)
* Thermostat setpoints (heating and cooling by hour)
* HVAC system operation (on/off, ventilation modes)

#### Key Rules

* **Temperature and humidity schedules:** Shall be IDENTICAL for proposed and budget
* **HVAC supply fans (ventilation systems):** Operate continuously during occupied hours; cycle on call for heating/cooling during unoccupied hours
* **Computer room supply fans:** Operate continuously during BOTH occupied and unoccupied hours

#### Exceptions to Fan Operation

1. If no heating or cooling system is installed, fans may cycle during all hours
2. If ventilation is required for health/safety during unoccupied hours, fans shall operate during those hours
3. Dedicated outdoor air supply fans shall be OFF during unoccupied hours (unless required for health/safety)

### Category 5: Building Envelope

Envelope modeling rules determine how walls, roofs, fenestration, and other components are represented. The budget building uses prescriptive U-factors and SHGC values.

#### Proposed Design

Model all envelope components per design drawings or as-built conditions.

**Exceptions allowing simplification:**

1. Assemblies representing less than 5% of the total area of that assembly type may be combined with adjacent assemblies
2. Exterior surfaces within 45° of each other may be combined into a single orientation
3. Roof surfaces: use aged solar reflectance per Section 5.5.3.1.1(a); if unavailable, use 0.30 reflectance and 0.90 emittance
4. Manual interior shading devices (blinds, drapes) shall NOT be modeled; permanent exterior shading (overhangs, fins) SHALL be modeled

#### Budget Building Design

Identical conditioned floor area, gross exterior dimensions, and orientations as proposed, EXCEPT:

**(a) Opaque Assemblies:**

* Same heat capacity as proposed
* U-factor equal to minimum requirements per Section 5.5 (new buildings) or Section 5.1.3 (alterations)

**(b) Roof Surfaces:**

* Solar reflectance and thermal emittance per Section 5.5.3.1.1(a)
* Roofs exempt from cool roof requirements: same as proposed

**(c) Fenestration:**

* No shading projections (model as flush with wall)
* If proposed fenestration area exceeds Section 5.5.4.2 limits, reduce budget fenestration proportionally to meet limits
* If proposed west-facing glazing exceeds Section 5.5.4.5 limits, rotate the budget model to 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° and average the four results
* U-factor and SHGC per Tables 5.5-0 through 5.5-8 for the applicable climate zone
* Visible transmittance (VT) per Section C3.6(c)

**(d) Skylights:**

* Include in budget when required by Section 5.5.4.2.3 (toplighting requirements)

### Category 6: Lighting

Lighting is often the primary trade-off opportunity in ECB. Better-than-code lighting can offset envelope deficiencies. Controls affect schedules, not installed power.

#### Proposed Design

**(a)** Complete lighting system exists → Model actual installed lighting power

**(b)** System designed but not installed → Calculate per Sections 9.1.3 and 9.1.4

**(c)** No system specified → Use Building Area Method allowance for the building type

**(d)** Include in lighting power:

* Luminaires (all lamps and ballasts)
* Task lighting
* Furniture-mounted fixtures
* Plug-in fixtures in dwelling units and hotel guest rooms (model identical in both proposed and budget)

**(e)** Lighting schedules shall reflect mandatory controls per Section 9.4.1

**(f)** Daylighting controls: Model directly in simulation OR adjust lighting schedules for:

* Primary sidelit zones (within 1× head height from window)
* Secondary sidelit zones (1× to 2× head height from window)
* Toplit zones (under skylights)

**(g)** Non-mandatory lighting controls:

1. **Occupancy sensors:** Reduce hourly lighting schedule by (Table G3.7 reduction factor × 0.25)
2. **Table 9.6.3 controls:** Divide hourly lighting schedule by (1 + CF), where CF = sum of applicable control factors

#### Budget Building Design

**(a)** Complete system exists → Same as proposed

**(b)** System designed → Maximum LPD per Section 9.2; dwelling units = 6.5 W/m² (0.60 W/ft²)

**(c)** No system specified → Same as proposed

**(d)** Non-LPD-regulated fixtures → Identical to proposed

**(e)** Mandatory controls → Same as proposed

**Note:** Additional interior lighting power for non-mandatory controls (per Section 9.6.3) shall NOT be included in the budget building design.

### Category 7: Thermal Blocks: HVAC Zones Designed

Thermal blocks are the zones used in the simulation. When HVAC zoning is designed, each HVAC zone becomes a thermal block (with some allowances for combining similar zones).

**Rule:** Each HVAC zone shall be modeled as a separate thermal block.

**Zones may be combined into a single thermal block if ALL of the following are met:**

1. Same space-use classification per Section 9.5.1 OR peak loads within ±10 Btu/h·ft² (±31 W/m²) of zone average
2. Adjacent to glazed exterior walls facing the same orientation (within 45°)
3. Served by the same HVAC system OR by HVAC systems of the same type
4. Operating schedules differ by no more than 40 equivalent full-load hours per week

### Category 8: Thermal Blocks: HVAC Zones Not Designed

When HVAC zoning is not yet designed, create thermal blocks based on load characteristics and exposure. This ensures realistic zone behavior even before final HVAC design.

Define thermal blocks based on similar internal loads, occupancy, lighting, and schedules, PLUS:

**(a) Interior vs. Perimeter:**

* Interior zones: More than 15 ft (4.6 m) from any exterior wall
* Perimeter zones: Within 15 ft (4.6 m) of exterior wall

**(b) Glazing Orientation:**

* Create separate perimeter zone for each major orientation (within 45°)
* Include floor area within 15 ft (4.6 m) of glazed wall in that zone

**(c) Ground Contact / Exposed Floors:**

* Zones with floor slabs on grade or over unconditioned space shall be separate from zones without these features

**(d) Roof/Ceiling Exposure:**

* Zones with exterior ceilings or roofs shall be separate from zones without roof exposure

### Category 9: Thermal Blocks: Multifamily Residential

Multifamily buildings have unique zoning requirements to capture the different exposures and load characteristics of individual dwelling units.

* **Minimum requirement:** At least one thermal block per dwelling unit
* Units with the same orientation may be combined
* **Corner units:** May only be combined with other units sharing the same corner condition
* **Top floor units:** May only be combined with other units having roof exposure
* **Ground floor units:** May only be combined with other units having ground floor exposure

### Category 10: HVAC Systems

HVAC system modeling differs significantly between proposed and budget. The budget system type is determined by a three-step process in Rule (j), not by copying the proposed system.

#### Proposed Design

**(a)** Complete HVAC system exists:

* Model actual system type, capacities, and efficiencies

**(b)** System designed but not installed:

* Model per design documents
* Adjust equipment efficiencies to standard rating conditions per Section 6.4.1
* Use manufacturer full-load and part-load performance data
* Performance data shall NOT include supply fan power (model fans separately)

**(c)** No heating system specified:

* Model as fossil fuel heating
* Characteristics identical to budget building

**(d)** No cooling system specified:

* Model as air-cooled single-zone system (one per thermal block)
* Characteristics identical to budget building

#### Budget Building Design

System type and performance shall be determined from:

* Figure 11.5.2 (system selection flowchart)
* Table 11.5.2-1 (system descriptions)
* Section 11.5.2 Rules (a) through (k)

### Category 11: Service Water-Heating Systems

SWH modeling follows the proposed system type but uses minimum efficiency for the budget. Piping losses are not modeled in either case.

#### Proposed Design

**(a)** Complete SWH system exists:

* Model actual system type, capacities, and efficiencies

**(b)** System designed:

* Model per design documents

**(c)** No SWH system specified:

* No service water heating shall be modeled

**Piping losses:** Shall NOT be modeled (in either proposed or budget)

#### Budget Building Design

* System type: Identical to proposed
* Performance: Minimum efficiency per Sections 7.4 and 7.5

**Exceptions:**

1. If proposed system type is not listed in Table 7.8, determine budget type from Table G3.1.1-2
2. If proposed uses combined space heating and water heating, budget shall model separate systems (boiler for space heating, water heater for SWH) each at minimum efficiency
3. For 24-hour facilities meeting Section 6.5.6.2 (condenser heat recovery potential), include condenser heat recovery in budget

**Hot water consumption:** Calculate explicitly based on fixture types, hot water volumes, entering water temperature, and leaving water temperature. Loads and usage patterns shall be identical for proposed and budget.

### Category 12: Miscellaneous Loads

Miscellaneous loads (also called process loads or plug loads) must be identical in both models. This ensures the comparison focuses on regulated building systems.

**Model receptacle, motor, and process loads** based on building type and space use. These loads shall be **identical in proposed and budget**.

**Include all of the following end-uses:**

* Exhaust fans not part of HVAC systems
* Parking garage ventilation fans
* Exterior building lighting (façade, grounds, parking)
* Swimming pool heaters and circulation pumps
* Elevators and escalators
* Cooking and food preparation equipment
* Refrigeration (display cases, walk-ins)
* Laundry equipment
* Medical and laboratory equipment

**Modeling approach:**

(a) Where Section 8 and 10 systems are designed: Model per Sections 8 and 10

(b) Where not designed: Model to comply with but not exceed applicable requirements

### Category 13: Refrigeration

Commercial refrigeration (display cases, walk-in coolers/freezers) can be significant loads. AHRI 1200 provides standard rating procedures for these systems.

#### Proposed Design

* Equipment rated per AHRI 1200: Model at AHRI-rated energy consumption
* Equipment not rated per AHRI 1200: Model at actual capacities and efficiencies

#### Budget Building Design

* Equipment listed in Table 6.8.1-13: Model per table requirements at actual capacities
* Equipment NOT in Table 6.8.1-13: Model same as proposed

### Category 14: Modeling Exceptions

Some building components may be excluded from modeling if they don't participate in trade-offs and meet prescriptive requirements. This simplifies complex models.

#### Proposed Design

All building elements shall be modeled per Categories 1-12.

**Exception:** Components may be excluded from both proposed and budget models if BOTH conditions are met:

1. The component's energy use does NOT affect the systems being considered for trade-off, AND
2. The component meets prescriptive requirements of Sections 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and either 9.5 or 9.6

#### Budget Building Design

No additional exceptions beyond those in proposed design.

## 7. Section 11.5.2: HVAC System Rules (Rules a-k)

These rules specify exactly how to configure the budget building HVAC system. Rule (j) determines the system type; the other rules define specific parameters and performance requirements.

### Rule (a): Budget Building Systems Not Listed

Any HVAC component not explicitly covered by Figure 11.5.2 or Table 11.5.2-2 should be modeled identically to the proposed design, unless mandatory/prescriptive requirements apply.

HVAC system components and parameters NOT listed in Figure 11.5.2 and Table 11.5.2-2 shall be modeled **identical to the proposed design**.

**Exception:** Where Sections 6.4 and 6.5 contain specific requirements for components, the budget building component efficiency shall be the lowest efficiency level allowed by those sections.

### Rule (b): Minimum Equipment Efficiency

Budget equipment operates at code-minimum efficiency. For chillers, use Path A efficiencies which require meeting both full-load and IPLV requirements.

* **All HVAC equipment:** Minimum efficiency (both full-load and part-load) per Section 6.4
* **All SWH equipment:** Minimum efficiency per Section 7.4
* **Chillers:** Use Path A efficiencies from Table 6.8.1-3

### Rule (c): Supply Fan Energy in Certain Package Equipment

Some equipment ratings (EER, COP) include supply fan energy. These equations remove the fan energy so it can be modeled separately, ensuring accurate comparison.

**Applies to Budget System Types:** 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11

Where equipment efficiency ratings include supply fan energy, the efficiency shall be adjusted to remove supply fan energy using the following COPnf equations:

#### COPnf Equations

```
GENERAL COOLING (Full Load):
COPnf,cooling = (9.13 × 10⁻⁴) × COPC × Q + 1.15 × COPC

COOLING WITH SCOP RATING:
COPnf,cooling = -0.0885 × SCOPC² + 1.295 × SCOPC

HEATING — SYSTEMS 6 AND 9:
COPnf,heating = (5.05 × 10⁻⁴) × COPH,8.3 × Q + 1.062 × COPH,8.3

HEATING WITH SCOPH RATING:
COPnf,heating = -0.3446 × SCOPH² + 2.434 × SCOPH

COOLING — SYSTEMS 8 AND 10:
COPnf,cooling = 1.1338 × COP - 0.2145

HEATING — SYSTEM 8:
COPnf,heating = 1.1329 × COP - 0.214

WHERE:
Q = AHRI-rated cooling capacity in kW
If Q > 223 kW, use 223 kW
```

#### Capacity Basis for Efficiency Selection

<table><thead><tr><th width="220">System Types</th><th>Capacity Basis</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>6, 8, 10</td><td>Use 2.6 kW (9,000 Btu/h) for residential systems when zones are combined; otherwise use thermal block capacity ÷ number of zones</td></tr><tr><td>3, 4, 9, 11</td><td>Use single floor capacity when grouping identical floors</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Fan modeling:** Supply fans and return/relief fans shall be modeled as operating at least whenever the spaces served are occupied.

### Rule (d): Minimum Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate

Ventilation rates must match between models to ensure fair comparison. Energy recovery requirements still apply to the budget building.

Outdoor air ventilation rates shall be the **same for proposed and budget** buildings.

Exhaust air energy recovery shall be modeled in the budget building per Section 6.5.6.1 requirements.

**Exceptions:**

1. Where the proposed design includes demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) for spaces where DCV is not required by Section 6.4.3.8, ventilation rates may differ between proposed and budget
2. Where the proposed design outdoor air rate exceeds the minimum required by Section 6.5.3.7, the budget building shall use the Section 6.5.3.7 minimum rate

### Rule (e): Economizers

Budget economizers match the proposed type (air or water) but use standard high-limit shutoff settings from Table 11.5.2-4.

The budget building economizer shall be the same type (air economizer or water/fluid economizer) as the proposed design, per Section 6.5.1 requirements.

High-limit shutoff settings shall be per Table 11.5.2-4.

### Rule (f): Preheat Coils

Where the proposed design includes preheat coils, the budget building shall also include preheat coils controlled in the same manner.

### Rule (g): Supply Airflow Rates

Budget airflow is based on a standard temperature difference, ensuring consistent sizing methodology regardless of proposed design choices.

Budget building supply airflow shall be based on the **largest of:**

* Supply-air-to-room temperature difference of 20°F (11°C), OR
* Minimum outdoor airflow rate, OR
* Code-required exhaust/makeup airflow rate

Where zones have multiple thermostat setpoints, use the design setpoint that yields:

* The lowest supply air cooling setpoint, OR
* The highest supply air heating setpoint

**Return/relief fans:** If included in proposed, budget shall be sized for:

* Supply fan airflow minus minimum outdoor air, OR
* 90% of supply fan airflow
* (Whichever is LARGER)

**Exceptions:**

1. Laboratory spaces: Use 17°F (9°C) supply-to-room temperature difference
2. Latent load-driven systems: Use the same humidity ratio difference as proposed

### Rule (h): Fan System Efficiency

Fan power in the budget must not exceed prescriptive limits. If the proposed system exceeds limits, adjust proportionally.

Fan system efficiency shall equal the proposed design OR the Section 6.5.3.1 limit, **whichever is smaller (more restrictive)**.

If the proposed design exceeds the Section 6.5.3.1 limit, reduce each fan's power proportionally to meet the limit.

Motor efficiency shall be adjusted to minimum efficiency per Section 10.4.1.

### Rule (i): Equipment Capacities

Proper sizing ensures realistic simulation results. Unmet load hours indicate whether the equipment can meet the loads throughout the year.

**Sizing:** Equipment capacities shall be proportional to the proposed design based on sizing runs. The ratio of capacity to peak load shall be the same for both annual simulation and sizing runs, for both proposed and budget buildings.

**Unmet load hours:**

* Maximum: ≤300 hours per year (out of 8760 total hours)
* Proposed design unmet hours shall be ≤ budget building unmet hours

**Exception:** The building official may approve higher unmet load hours with adequate justification.

### Rule (j): Determining the HVAC System — 3-Step Process

This is the critical rule for selecting budget HVAC systems. Follow all three steps in order to determine which of the 11 system types applies.

#### Step 1: Determine Condenser Type

| Proposed Cooling/Heat Rejection               | Condenser Type for Budget |
| --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Water-cooled chiller or cooling tower         | Water                     |
| Evaporatively cooled equipment                | Water                     |
| Air-cooled equipment                          | Air/None                  |
| Closed-circuit dry cooler                     | Air/None                  |
| District cooling                              | Water                     |
| No mechanical cooling                         | Air                       |
| No heat rejection equipment                   | Air                       |
| Ground-source or groundwater-source heat pump | → Use System 6 directly   |

#### Step 2: Determine Heating Source

| Proposed Heating                                 | Heating Source Path                                                                 |
| ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Electric resistance (including electric boilers) | Electric resistance                                                                 |
| Air-source or water-source heat pump             | Heat pump                                                                           |
| Fuel-fired furnace or boiler                     | Fossil fuel                                                                         |
| District heating                                 | Fossil fuel                                                                         |
| No heating system                                | Fossil fuel                                                                         |
| Mixed fuel sources                               | Use primary source (largest capacity); model secondary source identical to proposed |

#### Step 3: Determine System Category

| System Configuration                              | Category                          |
| ------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Single-zone system serving residential spaces     | Single-Zone Residential System    |
| Single-zone system serving non-residential spaces | Single-Zone Nonresidential System |
| All other configurations (multi-zone, etc.)       | All Other                         |

#### Budget System Selection Matrix (Figure 11.5.2)

| Condenser Type | Heating Source      | Single-Zone Residential | Single-Zone Nonresidential | All Other |
| -------------- | ------------------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------- | --------- |
| Water          | Electric Resistance | System 5                | System 5                   | System 1  |
| Heat Pump      | System 6            | System 6                | System 6                   |           |
| Fossil Fuel    | System 7            | System 7                | System 2                   |           |
| Air/None       | Electric Resistance | System 8                | System 9                   | System 3  |
| Heat Pump      | System 8            | System 9                | System 3                   |           |
| Fossil Fuel    | System 10           | System 11               | System 4                   |           |

### Rule (k): Kitchen Exhaust

Commercial kitchen hoods are major energy users. This rule requires demand ventilation in the budget to capture savings potential.

**Applies to:** Kitchens with total exhaust hood airflow greater than 5,000 cfm (2,400 L/s)

**Budget building requirements:**

* Demand ventilation controls on 75% of total exhaust airflow
* Reduce exhaust and makeup airflow by 50% for one-half of occupied hours
* If proposed design uses demand ventilation, use the same schedule
* Maximum hood exhaust rate per Section 6.5.7.2.2

## 8. Budget System Types & Complete Notes

This section provides complete specifications for all 11 budget system types, including detailed notes for configuring chillers, boilers, pumps, and controls.

### Table 11.5.2-1: Budget System Descriptions (Complete)

<table><thead><tr><th width="106">System</th><th>System Type</th><th>Fan Control</th><th>Cooling Type</th><th>Heating Type</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>VAV with parallel fan-powered boxes</td><td>VAV</td><td>Chilled water</td><td>Electric resistance</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>VAV with reheat</td><td>VAV</td><td>Chilled water</td><td>Hot-water fossil fuel boiler</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Packaged VAV with parallel fan-powered boxes</td><td>VAV</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Electric resistance</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Packaged VAV with reheat</td><td>VAV</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Hot-water fossil fuel boiler</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Two-pipe fan coil</td><td>Single/two-speed</td><td>Chilled water</td><td>Electric resistance</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Water-source heat pump</td><td>Single/two-speed</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Electric heat pump and boiler</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Four-pipe fan coil</td><td>Single/two-speed</td><td>Chilled water</td><td>Hot-water fossil fuel boiler</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Packaged terminal heat pump (PTHP)</td><td>Single-speed</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Electric heat pump</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Packaged rooftop heat pump</td><td>Single/two-speed</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Electric heat pump</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC)</td><td>Single-speed</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Hot-water fossil fuel boiler</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Packaged rooftop air conditioner</td><td>Single/two-speed</td><td>Direct expansion</td><td>Fossil fuel furnace</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Table 11.5.2-1 Complete Notes

#### Note (a): VAV Parallel Fan-Powered Boxes (Systems 1 and 3)

Fan-powered boxes supplement primary air with recirculated plenum air. These specifications ensure consistent modeling of zone terminal units.

<table><thead><tr><th width="257">Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Terminal unit fan size</td><td>50% of peak design primary airflow to the zone</td></tr><tr><td>Terminal unit fan power</td><td>0.35 W/cfm (0.74 W per L/s)</td></tr><tr><td>Minimum primary airflow</td><td>Equal to zone ventilation requirement per Exception 1(b) to Section 6.5.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Supply air temperature</td><td>Constant at design condition</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Note (b): VAV with Reheat (Systems 2 and 4)

Reheat systems use hot water coils at zone level. Minimum airflow settings significantly impact energy use.

<table><thead><tr><th width="272">Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Minimum airflow setpoint</td><td>Larger of: ventilation per ASHRAE 62.1 Simplified Procedure OR code/accreditation requirements</td></tr><tr><td>Supply air temperature reset</td><td>Reset UP by 5°F (2.8°C) under minimum cooling load conditions</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Note (c): Direct Expansion Cooling (Systems 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11)

Cooling fuel type shall match the proposed design (typically electricity).

#### Note (d): VAV Fan Control (Systems 1, 2, 3, 4)

<table><thead><tr><th width="287">Parameter</th><th>Requirement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Fan drive</td><td>Variable-speed drive required</td></tr><tr><td>Part-load performance</td><td>Per Table G3.1.3.15</td></tr><tr><td>Static pressure reset</td><td>If proposed has DDC at zone level, model static pressure reset per Section 6.5.3.2.3</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Note (e): Chilled Water Systems (Systems 1, 2, 5, 7)

Complete specifications for central chilled water plants including chillers, pumps, and cooling towers.

| Parameter                        | Value                                                                                                                      |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Purchased chilled water          | Use costs per Section 11.4.3                                                                                               |
| Number of chillers               | Per Table 11.5.2-2                                                                                                         |
| Chiller type                     | Per Table 11.5.2-3                                                                                                         |
| CHW supply temperature           | 44°F (6.7°C)                                                                                                               |
| CHW return temperature           | 56°F (13°C)                                                                                                                |
| CHW supply temperature reset     | Per Section 6.5.4.4                                                                                                        |
| CHW pump power (if not designed) | 22 W/gpm (349 kW per 1000 L/s) based on 75 ft head (23 m), 65% pump efficiency                                             |
| Pump configuration               | Primary-only variable flow with bypass valve                                                                               |
| Variable-speed drive             | Required when Section 6.5.4.2 applies                                                                                      |
| Cooling tower type               | Open-circuit, axial-fan with VSD                                                                                           |
| Tower VSD                        | Required when Section 6.5.5 applies                                                                                        |
| CW approach temperature          | Approach₅.₆°C Range = 10.02 - (0.24 × WB) where WB = 0.4% evaporation wet-bulb (°C); valid 55°F to 90°F (12.8°C to 32.2°C) |
| Tower control                    | Maintain leaving water temperature per Table 11.5.2-5, floating up to design temperature                                   |
| CW pump power (if not designed)  | 19 W/gpm (301 kW per 1000 L/s) based on 60 ft head (18 m), 60% pump efficiency                                             |
| Pump/chiller configuration       | Each chiller has separate condenser water and chilled water pumps interlocked with associated chiller                      |

#### Note (f): Fossil Fuel Boiler (Systems 2, 4, 7, 10)

Hot water boiler plant specifications for systems with hydronic heating.

| Parameter                       | Value                                                                          |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Fuel type                       | Same as proposed design                                                        |
| Boiler draft                    | Natural draft                                                                  |
| Number of boilers               | ≤600,000 Btu/h (176 kW): 1 boiler; >600,000 Btu/h: 2 equally-sized boilers     |
| Boiler staging                  | As required by load                                                            |
| HW supply temperature           | 180°F (82°C)                                                                   |
| HW return temperature           | 130°F (54°C)                                                                   |
| HW supply temperature reset     | Per Section 6.5.4.4                                                            |
| HW pump power (if not designed) | 19 W/gpm (301 kW per 1000 L/s) based on 60 ft head (18 m), 60% pump efficiency |
| Pump configuration              | Primary-only continuous variable flow                                          |
| Variable-speed drive            | Required when Section 6.5.4.2 applies                                          |

#### Note (g): Electric Heat Pump and Boiler (System 6)

Water-source heat pump loop specifications including the shared water loop, heat rejection, and supplemental heating.

<table><thead><tr><th width="307">Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Loop temperature range</td><td>60°F to 90°F (16°C to 32°C)</td></tr><tr><td>Heat rejection</td><td>Closed-circuit axial-fan evaporative fluid cooler</td></tr><tr><td>Fluid cooler fan control</td><td>Per Section 6.5.5.2</td></tr><tr><td>Heat addition</td><td>Boiler with same fuel as proposed; if no fuel specified, use fossil fuel</td></tr><tr><td>Boiler draft</td><td>Natural draft</td></tr><tr><td>Number of boilers</td><td>≤600,000 Btu/h (176 kW): 1 boiler; >600,000 Btu/h: 2 boilers</td></tr><tr><td>Boiler staging</td><td>As required by load</td></tr><tr><td>Loop pump power (if not designed)</td><td>22 W/gpm (349 kW per 1000 L/s) based on 75 ft head (23 m), 65% pump efficiency</td></tr><tr><td>Pump configuration</td><td>Variable flow with automatic shutoff at each heat pump per Section 6.5.4.5</td></tr><tr><td>Variable-speed drive</td><td>Required when Section 6.5.4.2 applies</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Note (h): Electric Heat Pump (Systems 8 and 9)

Air-source heat pump specifications with electric backup heating staged appropriately for cold weather.

| Parameter              | Value                                                                     |
| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Heat pump type         | Air-source with electric auxiliary heat                                   |
| Thermostat             | Multistage with outdoor air thermostat lockout                            |
| Auxiliary heat staging | Activates as last stage AND only when outdoor air temperature <40°F (4°C) |

#### Note (i): Fan System Operation

Fan operation schedule shall be the same as the proposed design:

* Continuous during occupied hours, OR
* Cycling on call for heating or cooling

#### Note (j): Fan Speed Control

Budget building fans shall be one-speed or two-speed per Section 6.5.3.2 requirements, regardless of proposed design.

### Table 11.5.2-2: Number of Chillers

| Total Chiller Plant Capacity             | Number of Chillers                                                                                          |
| ---------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ≤300 tons (1,055 kW)                     | One chiller                                                                                                 |
| >300 tons and <600 tons (1,055-2,110 kW) | Two chillers, sized equally                                                                                 |
| ≥600 tons (2,110 kW)                     | Two minimum; add chillers so that no single chiller exceeds 800 tons (2,813 kW); all chillers sized equally |

### Table 11.5.2-3: Water Chiller Types

| Chiller Capacity                       | Electric Chiller Type | Fossil Fuel Chiller Type               |
| -------------------------------------- | --------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| ≤100 tons (352 kW)                     | Scroll or screw       | Single-effect absorption, direct fired |
| >100 tons and <300 tons (352-1,055 kW) | Screw                 | Double-effect absorption, direct fired |
| ≥300 tons (1,055 kW)                   | Centrifugal           | Double-effect absorption, direct fired |

### Table 11.5.2-4: Economizer High-Limit Shutoff

| Economizer Type                       | High-Limit Shutoff Setting                                          |
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Air economizer                        | Per Table 6.5.1.1.3                                                 |
| Fluid (water) economizer — integrated | Disable when operation will no longer reduce HVAC system energy use |

### Table 11.5.2-5: Heat-Rejection Leaving Water Temperature

| Climate Zones                         | Leaving Water Temperature |
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| 5B, 5C, 6B, 8                         | 65°F (18°C)               |
| 0B, 1B, 2B, 3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5A, 6A, 7 | 70°F (21°C)               |
| 3A, 4A                                | 75°F (24°C)               |
| 0A, 1A, 2A                            | 80°F (27°C)               |

### Table G3.1.3.15: Part-Load Performance for VAV Fan Systems

This table specifies the relationship between fan airflow and fan power for variable-speed VAV systems. It represents a well-designed VSD curve.

| Fan Part-Load Ratio | Fan Power Fraction | Fan Part-Load Ratio | Fan Power Fraction |
| ------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------- | ------------------ |
| 0.00                | 0.00               | 0.60                | 0.41               |
| 0.10                | 0.03               | 0.70                | 0.54               |
| 0.20                | 0.07               | 0.80                | 0.68               |
| 0.30                | 0.13               | 0.90                | 0.83               |
| 0.40                | 0.21               | 1.00                | 1.00               |
| 0.50                | 0.30               |                     |                    |

## 9. Building Envelope Tables (Tables 5.5-0 through 5.5-8 Complete)

These tables provide the prescriptive envelope requirements that define the budget building's thermal characteristics. When using the ECB method, the budget building must use these exact U-factors and SHGC values based on climate zone. The proposed building can deviate from these values as long as the overall Design Energy Cost does not exceed the Energy Cost Budget.

#### How to Use These Tables

* **Determine your climate zone** using ASHRAE Standard 169 or Appendix B maps
* **Identify building category:** Nonresidential, Residential, or Semiheated
* **Apply values to budget model:** Use these U-factors for opaque assemblies and fenestration
* **Remember:** All U-factors are assembly U-factors including air films (except C-factors for below-grade walls)

#### Units and Notation

| Symbol | Meaning                                                | IP Units       | SI Conversion      |
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------ | -------------- | ------------------ |
| U      | Overall heat transfer coefficient (includes air films) | Btu/(h·ft²·°F) | × 5.678 = W/(m²·K) |
| C      | Thermal conductance (no air films, for below-grade)    | Btu/(h·ft²·°F) | × 5.678 = W/(m²·K) |
| F      | Slab-edge heat loss factor (perimeter-based)           | Btu/(h·ft·°F)  | × 1.731 = W/(m·K)  |
| SHGC   | Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (0-1 scale)                | Dimensionless  | No conversion      |
| NR     | No Requirement specified                               | —              | —                  |
| WWR    | Window-to-Wall Ratio                                   | Percentage     | —                  |

### Table 5.5-0: Climate Zone 0 (Extremely Hot — Humid/Dry)

**Climate Zone 0** represents the most extreme hot climates (e.g., parts of Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, tropical locations). Cooling dominates energy use. Requirements focus on minimizing solar heat gain (low SHGC) while allowing more relaxed wall insulation requirements since heating loads are minimal. Roof insulation remains stringent due to intense solar radiation on horizontal surfaces.

| Component                                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ---------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck                 | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.218    |
| Metal Building                                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.167    |
| Attic and Other                                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.081    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**                         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)                          | U-0.580        | U-0.580     | U-0.580    |
| Metal Building                                 | U-0.094        | U-0.094     | U-0.352    |
| Steel-Framed                                   | U-0.124        | U-0.064     | U-0.352    |
| Wood-Framed and Other                          | U-0.089        | U-0.089     | U-0.292    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**                         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall                               | C-1.140        | C-1.140     | C-1.140    |
| **Floors**                                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                                           | U-0.322        | U-0.322     | U-0.322    |
| Steel Joist                                    | U-0.350        | U-0.350     | U-0.350    |
| Wood-Framed and Other                          | U-0.282        | U-0.282     | U-0.282    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**                       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                                 | F-0.73         | F-0.73      | F-0.73     |
| Heated Slabs                                   | F-0.900        | F-0.900     | F-0.900    |
| **Opaque Doors**                               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                                       | U-0.70         | U-0.70      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.45     |
| **Fenestration (Vertical Glazing, 0-40% WWR)** |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)                               | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.22     |
| U-Factor (Operable)                            | U-0.65         | U-0.65      | U-1.22     |
| SHGC (All Orientations)                        | 0.25           | 0.25        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2% Roof Area)**                 |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                                           | 0.25           | 0.25        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5% Roof Area)**               |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                                           | 0.22           | 0.22        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-1: Climate Zone 1 (Very Hot — Humid/Dry)

**Climate Zone 1** covers very hot locations like Miami, Honolulu, and South Florida. Similar to CZ 0, cooling is the dominant load. The 0.25 SHGC requirement for fenestration is very stringent, requiring high-performance solar control glazing. Mass walls have relaxed requirements (U-0.580 for nonresidential) because their thermal mass helps moderate temperature swings.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.218    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.167    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.081    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.580        | U-0.151     | U-0.580    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.094        | U-0.094     | U-0.352    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.124        | U-0.064     | U-0.352    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.089        | U-0.089     | U-0.292    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-1.140        | C-1.140     | C-1.140    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.322        | U-0.322     | U-0.322    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.350        | U-0.350     | U-0.350    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.282        | U-0.282     | U-0.282    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.73         | F-0.73      | F-0.73     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.900        | F-0.900     | F-0.900    |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.70         | U-0.70      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.45     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.22     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.65         | U-0.65      | U-1.22     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.25           | 0.25        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.25           | 0.25        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.22           | 0.22        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-2: Climate Zone 2 (Hot — Humid/Dry)

**Climate Zone 2** includes cities like Houston, Phoenix, and Tampa. Cooling still dominates but heating becomes more significant. Wall insulation requirements begin to tighten (mass walls U-0.151 for nonresidential vs. U-0.580 in CZ 0-1). SHGC remains low at 0.25. This zone represents the transition where both envelope conductive losses and solar gains matter significantly.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.218    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.167    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.081    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.151        | U-0.123     | U-0.580    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.094        | U-0.084     | U-0.352    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.084        | U-0.064     | U-0.352    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.089        | U-0.064     | U-0.292    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-1.140        | C-1.140     | C-1.140    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.322        | U-0.087     | U-0.322    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.350        | U-0.052     | U-0.350    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.282        | U-0.051     | U-0.282    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.73         | F-0.73      | F-0.73     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.900        | F-0.900     | F-0.900    |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.70         | U-0.70      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.45     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.50         | U-0.40      | U-1.22     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.65         | U-0.55      | U-1.22     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.25           | 0.25        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.25           | 0.25        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.75         | U-0.75      | U-1.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.22           | 0.22        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-3: Climate Zone 3 (Warm — Humid/Dry/Marine)

**Climate Zone 3** includes cities like Los Angeles (3B), Las Vegas (3B), Atlanta (3A), and San Francisco (3C marine). This mixed climate has meaningful heating and cooling loads. Wall requirements continue tightening. Note the SHGC requirement of 0.25 still applies to control cooling loads while fenestration U-factors remain moderate. CZ 3C (marine) has milder conditions with less extreme temperatures.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.173    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.097    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.053    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.123        | U-0.104     | U-0.580    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.084        | U-0.069     | U-0.134    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.084        | U-0.064     | U-0.134    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.089        | U-0.064     | U-0.089    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-1.140        | C-0.360     | C-1.140    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.107        | U-0.087     | U-0.322    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.069        | U-0.052     | U-0.350    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.071        | U-0.051     | U-0.282    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.73         | F-0.54      | F-0.73     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.900        | F-0.75      | F-0.900    |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.70         | U-0.50      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.45     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.46         | U-0.35      | U-0.83     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.54         | U-0.40      | U-0.83     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.25           | 0.25        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.65         | U-0.55      | U-1.17     |
| SHGC                           | 0.25           | 0.25        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.65         | U-0.55      | U-1.17     |
| SHGC                           | 0.22           | 0.22        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-4: Climate Zone 4 (Mixed — Humid/Dry/Marine)

**Climate Zone 4** includes cities like New York (4A), Baltimore, Seattle (4C marine), and Albuquerque (4B). This is a true mixed climate where heating and cooling loads are roughly balanced. SHGC requirements relax to 0.38 in 4A and 0.40 in 4B/4C, allowing more solar gain for passive heating benefit. Window U-factors tighten significantly to U-0.38. This is often the transition point where double-pane low-e becomes necessary.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.119    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.065    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.034    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.104        | U-0.090     | U-0.230    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.069        | U-0.057     | U-0.113    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.064        | U-0.064     | U-0.113    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.064        | U-0.064     | U-0.089    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-0.360        | C-0.165     | C-1.140    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.087        | U-0.074     | U-0.137    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.052        | U-0.038     | U-0.069    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.051        | U-0.037     | U-0.066    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.54         | F-0.52      | F-0.73     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.75         | F-0.65      | F-0.900    |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-1.45     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.38         | U-0.32      | U-0.55     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.45         | U-0.37      | U-0.55     |
| SHGC (4A)                      | 0.38           | 0.38        | 0.40       |
| SHGC (4B, 4C)                  | 0.40           | 0.40        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.40           | 0.40        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.98     |
| SHGC                           | 0.35           | 0.35        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-5: Climate Zone 5 (Cool — Humid/Dry/Marine)

**Climate Zone 5** includes cities like Chicago (5A), Denver (5B), and Portland OR (5C marine). Heating dominates but cooling remains significant. Wall insulation requirements tighten further (mass walls U-0.090). SHGC requirements are 0.38, balancing solar heat gain control with allowing passive heating. Below-grade wall insulation becomes more stringent. This zone often requires continuous exterior insulation on steel-framed walls.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.093    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.041     | U-0.055    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.027        | U-0.027     | U-0.027    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.090        | U-0.080     | U-0.151    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.057        | U-0.052     | U-0.079    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.064        | U-0.055     | U-0.090    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.064        | U-0.051     | U-0.064    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-0.165        | C-0.119     | C-0.580    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.074        | U-0.064     | U-0.107    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.038        | U-0.033     | U-0.052    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.037        | U-0.033     | U-0.051    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.52         | F-0.51      | F-0.58     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.65         | F-0.58      | F-0.75     |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.70     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.50     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.38         | U-0.30      | U-0.48     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.45         | U-0.35      | U-0.48     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.38           | 0.38        | 0.40       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.75     |
| SHGC                           | 0.40           | 0.40        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.75     |
| SHGC                           | 0.35           | 0.35        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-6: Climate Zone 6 (Cold — Humid/Dry)

**Climate Zone 6** includes cities like Minneapolis (6A), Helena MT (6B), and Burlington VT. Heating is the primary load. Wall requirements become very stringent (mass walls U-0.080, steel-framed U-0.055). Fenestration U-factors drop to 0.36 for nonresidential, requiring high-performance double-pane or triple-pane glazing. SHGC relaxes to 0.38, allowing more solar gain for passive heating. Slab and below-grade insulation requirements increase significantly.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.063    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.041        | U-0.039     | U-0.049    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.021        | U-0.021     | U-0.027    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.080        | U-0.071     | U-0.123    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.052        | U-0.044     | U-0.069    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.055        | U-0.049     | U-0.069    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.051        | U-0.051     | U-0.064    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-0.119        | C-0.092     | C-0.360    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.064        | U-0.057     | U-0.087    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.033        | U-0.033     | U-0.038    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.033        | U-0.033     | U-0.037    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.51         | F-0.49      | F-0.54     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.58         | F-0.55      | F-0.68     |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.50     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.50     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.36         | U-0.27      | U-0.42     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.43         | U-0.32      | U-0.42     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.38           | 0.38        | 0.45       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.65     |
| SHGC                           | 0.40           | 0.40        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.55         | U-0.50      | U-0.65     |
| SHGC                           | 0.35           | 0.35        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-7: Climate Zone 7 (Very Cold)

**Climate Zone 7** includes cities like Duluth MN, Fargo ND, and parts of Alaska. Heating dominates almost entirely. Envelope requirements are very stringent across all components. Window U-factors drop to 0.33 for nonresidential (requiring triple-pane or very high-performance double-pane). SHGC increases to 0.40 to maximize passive solar heating. Slab perimeter insulation requirements are among the highest in the standard.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.048    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.035        | U-0.035     | U-0.041    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.017        | U-0.017     | U-0.021    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.071        | U-0.071     | U-0.104    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.044        | U-0.044     | U-0.060    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.049        | U-0.042     | U-0.060    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.042        | U-0.042     | U-0.051    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-0.092        | C-0.075     | C-0.165    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.057        | U-0.051     | U-0.074    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.032        | U-0.032     | U-0.038    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.028        | U-0.028     | U-0.033    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.49         | F-0.41      | F-0.52     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.55         | F-0.55      | F-0.68     |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.50         | U-0.37      | U-0.50     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.50     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.33         | U-0.27      | U-0.40     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.40         | U-0.32      | U-0.40     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.40           | 0.40        | 0.45       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.58     |
| SHGC                           | 0.40           | 0.40        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.58     |
| SHGC                           | 0.35           | 0.35        | NR         |

### Table 5.5-8: Climate Zone 8 (Subarctic)

**Climate Zone 8** represents the most extreme cold climates in the US (Fairbanks AK, northern Alaska). Heating is virtually the only concern. All envelope requirements are the most stringent in the standard. Windows require U-0.27 (triple-pane required for fixed, high-performance for operable). SHGC is highest at 0.40 to maximize any available solar heat gain. All opaque components require maximum insulation levels. Slab perimeter insulation is required at the highest level.

| Component                      | Nonresidential | Residential | Semiheated |
| ------------------------------ | -------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Roofs**                      |                |             |            |
| Insulation Entirely Above Deck | U-0.048        | U-0.048     | U-0.048    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.035        | U-0.035     | U-0.041    |
| Attic and Other                | U-0.017        | U-0.017     | U-0.021    |
| **Walls, Above-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft²)          | U-0.052        | U-0.052     | U-0.080    |
| Metal Building                 | U-0.044        | U-0.039     | U-0.060    |
| Steel-Framed                   | U-0.042        | U-0.037     | U-0.049    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.036        | U-0.036     | U-0.051    |
| **Walls, Below-Grade**         |                |             |            |
| Below-Grade Wall               | C-0.075        | C-0.075     | C-0.119    |
| **Floors**                     |                |             |            |
| Mass                           | U-0.051        | U-0.046     | U-0.064    |
| Steel Joist                    | U-0.032        | U-0.032     | U-0.038    |
| Wood-Framed and Other          | U-0.024        | U-0.024     | U-0.033    |
| **Slab-On-Grade Floors**       |                |             |            |
| Unheated Slabs                 | F-0.41         | F-0.41      | F-0.52     |
| Heated Slabs                   | F-0.55         | F-0.55      | F-0.68     |
| **Opaque Doors**               |                |             |            |
| Swinging                       | U-0.37         | U-0.37      | U-0.50     |
| Nonswinging                    | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.50     |
| **Fenestration (0-40% WWR)**   |                |             |            |
| U-Factor (Fixed)               | U-0.27         | U-0.27      | U-0.40     |
| U-Factor (Operable)            | U-0.33         | U-0.33      | U-0.40     |
| SHGC (All)                     | 0.40           | 0.40        | 0.45       |
| **Skylights (0-2%)**           |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.58     |
| SHGC                           | 0.40           | 0.40        | NR         |
| **Skylights (2.1-5%)**         |                |             |            |
| U-Factor                       | U-0.50         | U-0.50      | U-0.58     |
| SHGC                           | 0.35           | 0.35        | NR         |

### Envelope Requirements Summary

This summary shows key envelope values across all climate zones for quick reference. Note how requirements become progressively more stringent from CZ 0 (hot) to CZ 8 (cold).

#### Fenestration Area Limits (Section 5.5.4.2)

| Component             | Maximum Area                        | Notes                                             |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Vertical Fenestration | ≤40% of gross above-grade wall area | If proposed exceeds, reduce budget proportionally |
| Skylights             | ≤5% of gross roof area              | Or ≤3% for some building types                    |

#### Key Trends Across Climate Zones

| Component        | CZ 0-1 | CZ 2-3      | CZ 4-5      | CZ 6-7      | CZ 8  |
| ---------------- | ------ | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----- |
| Mass Wall U      | 0.580  | 0.151-0.123 | 0.104-0.090 | 0.080-0.071 | 0.052 |
| Steel Wall U     | 0.124  | 0.084       | 0.064-0.055 | 0.055-0.049 | 0.042 |
| Fenest U (Fixed) | 0.50   | 0.50-0.46   | 0.38        | 0.36-0.33   | 0.27  |
| SHGC             | 0.25   | 0.25        | 0.38-0.40   | 0.38-0.40   | 0.40  |

**Note:** Values shown are for Nonresidential. Residential requirements are often more stringent, particularly for walls and fenestration U-factors.

## 10. HVAC Equipment Efficiency Tables

These tables provide minimum efficiency requirements for HVAC equipment. Budget building equipment must meet these efficiencies. For chillers, use Path A which requires meeting BOTH full-load and IPLV requirements.

### Table 6.8.1-1: Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units

| Equipment Type                     | Size Category               | Heating Section Type        | Minimum Efficiency     | Test Procedure |
| ---------------------------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------- |
| **Air Conditioners, Air Cooled**   |                             |                             |                        |                |
| Split System                       | <65,000 Btu/h               | All                         | SEER2 14.3 / EER2 11.7 | AHRI 210/240   |
| Single Package                     | <65,000 Btu/h               | All                         | SEER2 13.4 / EER2 10.6 | AHRI 210/240   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | Electric resistance or none | EER 11.0 / IEER 12.9   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | All other                   | EER 10.8 / IEER 12.6   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | Electric resistance or none | EER 10.6 / IEER 12.4   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | All other                   | EER 10.4 / IEER 12.2   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥240,000 and <760,000 Btu/h | Electric resistance or none | EER 9.8 / IEER 11.6    | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥240,000 and <760,000 Btu/h | All other                   | EER 9.6 / IEER 11.4    | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥760,000 Btu/h              | Electric resistance or none | EER 9.5 / IEER 11.0    | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥760,000 Btu/h              | All other                   | EER 9.3 / IEER 10.8    | AHRI 340/360   |
| **Air Conditioners, Water Cooled** |                             |                             |                        |                |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | Electric resistance or none | EER 12.1 / IEER 14.5   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | All other                   | EER 11.9 / IEER 14.3   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | Electric resistance or none | EER 12.5 / IEER 14.5   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | All other                   | EER 12.3 / IEER 14.3   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥240,000 and <760,000 Btu/h | Electric resistance or none | EER 12.4 / IEER 14.2   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥240,000 and <760,000 Btu/h | All other                   | EER 12.2 / IEER 14.0   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥760,000 Btu/h              | Electric resistance or none | EER 12.2 / IEER 13.8   | AHRI 340/360   |
| Split/Single Pkg                   | ≥760,000 Btu/h              | All other                   | EER 12.0 / IEER 13.6   | AHRI 340/360   |
| **Condensing Units**               |                             |                             |                        |                |
| Air Cooled                         | ≥135,000 Btu/h              | —                           | EER 10.5 / IEER 12.5   | AHRI 365       |
| Water/Evap Cooled                  | ≥135,000 Btu/h              | —                           | EER 13.5 / IEER 14.0   | AHRI 365       |

### Table 6.8.1-2: Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps

| Equipment Type                                                       | Size Category               | Heating Section     | Cooling Efficiency     | Heating Efficiency |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------ |
| **Air Cooled (Cooling Mode)**                                        |                             |                     |                        |                    |
| Split System                                                         | <65,000 Btu/h               | All                 | SEER2 14.3 / EER2 11.7 | —                  |
| Single Package                                                       | <65,000 Btu/h               | All                 | SEER2 13.4 / EER2 10.6 | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | Elec resist or none | EER 10.6 / IEER 12.1   | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | All other           | EER 10.4 / IEER 11.9   | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | Elec resist or none | EER 10.1 / IEER 11.4   | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥135,000 and <240,000 Btu/h | All other           | EER 9.9 / IEER 11.2    | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥240,000 Btu/h              | Elec resist or none | EER 9.5 / IEER 10.9    | —                  |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥240,000 Btu/h              | All other           | EER 9.3 / IEER 10.7    | —                  |
| **Air Cooled (Heating Mode — 47°F db/43°F wb outdoor)**              |                             |                     |                        |                    |
| Split System                                                         | <65,000 Btu/h               | —                   | —                      | HSPF2 7.5          |
| Single Package                                                       | <65,000 Btu/h               | —                   | —                      | HSPF2 6.7          |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥65,000 and <135,000 Btu/h  | —                   | —                      | COP 3.3            |
| Split/Single Pkg                                                     | ≥135,000 Btu/h              | —                   | —                      | COP 3.2            |
| **Water Source (86°F Entering Water Cooling / 68°F Heating)**        |                             |                     |                        |                    |
| Water Source HP                                                      | <135,000 Btu/h              | —                   | EER 13.0               | COP 4.3            |
| **Groundwater Source (59°F Entering Water Cooling / 50°F Heating)**  |                             |                     |                        |                    |
| Groundwater HP                                                       | <135,000 Btu/h              | —                   | EER 18.0               | COP 3.7            |
| **Ground Source Closed Loop (77°F Entering Cooling / 32°F Heating)** |                             |                     |                        |                    |
| Ground Loop HP                                                       | <135,000 Btu/h              | —                   | EER 14.1               | COP 3.1            |

### Table 6.8.1-3: Water Chilling Packages: Path A (for ECB)

For ECB compliance, use Path A efficiencies. Path A requires meeting BOTH full-load COP and IPLV COP. Path B (not shown) allows trade-off between full-load and part-load but is typically used for Appendix G.

| Equipment Type                              | Size Category      | Full Load COP | IPLV COP | Test Procedure |
| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------ | ------------- | -------- | -------------- |
| **Air-Cooled Chillers (with condenser)**    |                    |               |          |                |
| Air Cooled                                  | <150 tons          | 2.96          | 4.16     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Air Cooled                                  | ≥150 tons          | 2.96          | 4.21     | AHRI 551/591   |
| **Air-Cooled Chillers (without condenser)** |                    |               |          |                |
| Air Cooled                                  | All Capacities     | 3.16          | 4.50     | AHRI 551/591   |
| **Water-Cooled Positive Displacement**      |                    |               |          |                |
| Positive Displ                              | <75 tons           | 4.69          | 5.82     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Positive Displ                              | ≥75 and <150 tons  | 4.90          | 5.96     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Positive Displ                              | ≥150 and <300 tons | 5.33          | 6.40     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Positive Displ                              | ≥300 and <600 tons | 5.59          | 6.81     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Positive Displ                              | ≥600 tons          | 5.86          | 7.18     | AHRI 551/591   |
| **Water-Cooled Centrifugal**                |                    |               |          |                |
| Centrifugal                                 | <150 tons          | 5.33          | 5.82     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Centrifugal                                 | ≥150 and <300 tons | 5.59          | 5.96     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Centrifugal                                 | ≥300 and <400 tons | 5.86          | 6.40     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Centrifugal                                 | ≥400 and <600 tons | 5.86          | 6.61     | AHRI 551/591   |
| Centrifugal                                 | ≥600 tons          | 6.17          | 7.02     | AHRI 551/591   |
| **Absorption Chillers**                     |                    |               |          |                |
| Single-Effect, Air Cooled                   | All                | COP 0.55      | NR       | AHRI 560       |
| Single-Effect, Water Cooled                 | All                | COP 0.70      | NR       | AHRI 560       |
| Double-Effect, Indirect Fired               | All                | COP 1.00      | 1.05     | AHRI 560       |
| Double-Effect, Direct Fired                 | All                | COP 1.00      | 1.05     | AHRI 560       |

### Table 6.8.1-4: PTAC and PTHP Efficiency Equations

PTAC/PTHP efficiency varies by capacity. Use these equations to calculate the required efficiency for the specific equipment size.

```
PTAC Cooling EER = 14.0 - (0.300 × Cap/1000)
PTHP Cooling EER = 14.0 - (0.300 × Cap/1000)
PTHP Heating COP = 3.7 - (0.052 × Cap/1000)

Where: Cap = rated cooling capacity in Btu/h
```

| Cooling Capacity (Btu/h) | PTAC Cooling EER | PTHP Cooling EER | PTHP Heating COP |
| ------------------------ | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| 7,000                    | 11.9             | 11.9             | 3.34             |
| 9,000                    | 11.3             | 11.3             | 3.23             |
| 12,000                   | 10.4             | 10.4             | 3.08             |
| 15,000                   | 9.5              | 9.5              | 2.92             |

### Table 6.8.1-6: Warm-Air Furnaces

| Equipment Type            | Size Category | Minimum Efficiency | Test Procedure |
| ------------------------- | ------------- | ------------------ | -------------- |
| Warm-Air Furnace, Gas     | All           | AFUE 80%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Warm-Air Furnace, Oil     | All           | AFUE 83%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Warm-Air Unit Heater, Gas | All           | Ec 80%             | ANSI Z83.8     |
| Warm-Air Unit Heater, Oil | All           | Ec 80%             | UL 731         |

### Table 6.8.1-7: Gas- and Oil-Fired Boilers

| Equipment Type        | Size Category                 | Minimum Efficiency | Test Procedure |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------ | -------------- |
| **Hot-Water Boilers** |                               |                    |                |
| Gas-Fired             | <300,000 Btu/h                | AFUE 82%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Gas-Fired             | ≥300,000 and ≤2,500,000 Btu/h | Et 82%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Gas-Fired             | >2,500,000 Btu/h              | Ec 82%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Oil-Fired             | <300,000 Btu/h                | AFUE 84%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Oil-Fired             | ≥300,000 and ≤2,500,000 Btu/h | Et 84%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Oil-Fired             | >2,500,000 Btu/h              | Ec 84%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| **Steam Boilers**     |                               |                    |                |
| Gas-Fired             | <300,000 Btu/h                | AFUE 80%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Gas-Fired             | ≥300,000 and ≤2,500,000 Btu/h | Et 79%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Gas-Fired             | >2,500,000 Btu/h              | Et 79%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Oil-Fired             | <300,000 Btu/h                | AFUE 82%           | 10 CFR 430     |
| Oil-Fired             | ≥300,000 and ≤2,500,000 Btu/h | Et 81%             | 10 CFR 431     |
| Oil-Fired             | >2,500,000 Btu/h              | Et 81%             | 10 CFR 431     |

### Table 6.8.1-7: Heat Rejection Equipment

| Equipment Type                            | Fan Type                  | Minimum Efficiency               | Test Procedure       |
| ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| **Open-Circuit Cooling Towers**           |                           |                                  |                      |
| Open Circuit                              | Propeller/Axial           | ≥40.2 gpm/hp (6.03 L/s per kW)   | CTI ATC-105/STD-201  |
| Open Circuit                              | Centrifugal               | ≥20.0 gpm/hp (3.00 L/s per kW)   | CTI ATC-105/STD-201  |
| **Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers**         |                           |                                  |                      |
| Closed Circuit                            | Propeller/Axial           | ≥16.1 gpm/hp (2.42 L/s per kW)   | CTI ATC-105S/STD-201 |
| Closed Circuit                            | Centrifugal               | ≥8.0 gpm/hp (1.20 L/s per kW)    | CTI ATC-105S/STD-201 |
| **Evaporative Condensers**                |                           |                                  |                      |
| Evap Condenser                            | Propeller/Axial — Ammonia | ≥160,000 Btu/h per hp (13.6 COP) | ASHRAE 64            |
| Evap Condenser                            | Propeller/Axial — Other   | ≥135,000 Btu/h per hp (11.5 COP) | ASHRAE 64            |
| Evap Condenser                            | Centrifugal — Ammonia     | ≥110,000 Btu/h per hp (9.4 COP)  | ASHRAE 64            |
| Evap Condenser                            | Centrifugal — Other       | ≥95,000 Btu/h per hp (8.1 COP)   | ASHRAE 64            |
| **Air-Cooled Condensers and Dry Coolers** |                           |                                  |                      |
| Air-Cooled Condenser                      | All                       | ≥69,000 Btu/h per hp (5.9 COP)   | AHRI 460             |
| Dry Cooler                                | Propeller/Axial           | ≥14.0 gpm/hp (2.10 L/s per kW)   | AHRI 410             |
| Dry Cooler                                | Centrifugal               | ≥7.0 gpm/hp (1.05 L/s per kW)    | AHRI 410             |

### Table 10.8-1: Electric Motor Efficiency

These minimum motor efficiencies apply to general-purpose motors covered by Section 10.4.1. Budget building motors must meet these requirements.

| Motor HP | Open Motors | Enclosed Motors | Motor HP | Open Motors | Enclosed Motors |
| -------- | ----------- | --------------- | -------- | ----------- | --------------- |
| 1        | 85.5%       | 85.5%           | 40       | 94.1%       | 93.0%           |
| 1.5      | 86.5%       | 86.5%           | 50       | 94.1%       | 93.0%           |
| 2        | 86.5%       | 86.5%           | 60       | 94.5%       | 93.6%           |
| 3        | 89.5%       | 89.5%           | 75       | 94.5%       | 93.6%           |
| 5        | 89.5%       | 89.5%           | 100      | 95.0%       | 94.1%           |
| 7.5      | 91.7%       | 91.0%           | 125      | 95.0%       | 94.5%           |
| 10       | 91.7%       | 91.0%           | 150      | 95.4%       | 95.0%           |
| 15       | 92.4%       | 91.7%           | 200      | 95.4%       | 95.0%           |
| 20       | 93.0%       | 91.7%           | 250      | 95.4%       | 95.0%           |
| 25       | 93.6%       | 92.4%           | 300      | 95.4%       | 95.4%           |
| 30       | 93.6%       | 92.4%           | 500      | 95.8%       | 95.8%           |

## 11. Lighting Power Density Tables

Lighting is often the primary trade-off opportunity in ECB. These tables provide the maximum allowed lighting power density (LPD) for the budget building. The proposed building can use less than these values to offset other deficiencies.

### Table 9.5.1: LPD Using Building Area Method (Complete)

| Building Area Type          | LPD (W/ft²) | LPD (W/m²) |
| --------------------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| Automotive Facility         | 0.75        | 8.1        |
| Convention Center           | 0.64        | 6.9        |
| Courthouse                  | 0.79        | 8.5        |
| Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure  | 0.80        | 8.6        |
| Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food | 0.76        | 8.2        |
| Dining: Family              | 0.71        | 7.6        |
| Dormitory                   | 0.53        | 5.7        |
| Exercise Center             | 0.72        | 7.8        |
| Fire Station                | 0.56        | 6.0        |
| Gymnasium                   | 0.76        | 8.2        |
| Health-Care Clinic          | 0.81        | 8.7        |
| Hospital                    | 0.96        | 10.3       |
| Hotel/Motel                 | 0.56        | 6.0        |
| Library                     | 0.83        | 8.9        |
| Manufacturing Facility      | 0.82        | 8.8        |
| Motion Picture Theater      | 0.44        | 4.7        |
| Multifamily                 | 0.51        | 5.5        |
| Museum                      | 0.55        | 5.9        |
| Office                      | 0.79        | 8.5        |
| Parking Garage              | 0.15        | 1.6        |
| Penitentiary                | 0.69        | 7.4        |
| Performing Arts Theater     | 0.84        | 9.0        |
| Police Station              | 0.66        | 7.1        |
| Post Office                 | 0.65        | 7.0        |
| Religious Building          | 0.67        | 7.2        |
| Retail                      | 0.84        | 9.0        |
| School/University           | 0.72        | 7.8        |
| Sports Arena                | 0.76        | 8.2        |
| Town Hall                   | 0.69        | 7.4        |
| Transportation              | 0.50        | 5.4        |
| Warehouse                   | 0.48        | 5.2        |
| Workshop                    | 0.91        | 9.8        |

### Table 9.6.1: LPD Using Space-by-Space Method (Complete)

| Space Type                              | LPD (W/ft²) | LPD (W/m²) |
| --------------------------------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| **Common Space Types**                  |             |            |
| Atrium — First 40 ft (12.2 m) in height | 0.03 per ft | 0.10 per m |
| Atrium — Above 40 ft (12.2 m) in height | 0.02 per ft | 0.07 per m |
| Audience/Seating Area — Permanent       | 0.63        | 6.8        |
| Audience/Seating Area — Temporary       | 0.43        | 4.6        |
| Banking Activity Area                   | 0.61        | 6.6        |
| Classroom/Lecture/Training              | 0.71        | 7.6        |
| Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose         | 0.97        | 10.4       |
| Copy/Print Room                         | 0.31        | 3.3        |
| Corridor                                | 0.41        | 4.4        |
| Courtroom                               | 1.20        | 12.9       |
| Computer Room                           | 0.94        | 10.1       |
| Dining Area                             | 0.65        | 7.0        |
| Electrical/Mechanical Room              | 0.43        | 4.6        |
| Emergency Room                          | 1.88        | 20.2       |
| Enclosed Office                         | 0.74        | 8.0        |
| Exam/Treatment Room                     | 1.40        | 15.1       |
| Food Preparation                        | 1.09        | 11.7       |
| Guest Room                              | 0.41        | 4.4        |
| Laboratory — General                    | 1.11        | 12.0       |
| Laundry/Washing Area                    | 0.53        | 5.7        |
| Loading Dock — Interior                 | 0.47        | 5.1        |
| Lobby — Elevator                        | 0.64        | 6.9        |
| Lobby — Hotel                           | 0.51        | 5.5        |
| Lobby — Motion Picture Theater          | 0.23        | 2.5        |
| Lobby — Office/General                  | 0.84        | 9.0        |
| Locker Room                             | 0.52        | 5.6        |
| Lounge/Breakroom                        | 0.59        | 6.4        |
| Nurse Station                           | 0.87        | 9.4        |
| Open Plan Office                        | 0.61        | 6.6        |
| Operating Room                          | 1.89        | 20.3       |
| Parking Area — Interior                 | 0.15        | 1.6        |
| Patient Room                            | 0.62        | 6.7        |
| Pharmacy Area                           | 1.68        | 18.1       |
| Physical Therapy Room                   | 0.91        | 9.8        |
| Recovery Room                           | 1.15        | 12.4       |
| Restroom                                | 0.63        | 6.8        |
| Sales Area                              | 1.05        | 11.3       |
| Stairwell                               | 0.49        | 5.3        |
| Storage                                 | 0.42        | 4.5        |
| Waiting Area                            | 0.54        | 5.8        |
| Workshop                                | 1.26        | 13.6       |
| **Retail Spaces**                       |             |            |
| Dressing/Fitting Room                   | 0.51        | 5.5        |
| Mall Concourse                          | 0.82        | 8.8        |
| **Industrial/Manufacturing**            |             |            |
| Detailed Manufacturing                  | 0.80        | 8.6        |
| Equipment Room                          | 0.43        | 4.6        |
| High Bay (>25 ft)                       | 0.86        | 9.3        |
| Low Bay (≤25 ft)                        | 0.86        | 9.3        |

### Table 9.6.3: Control Factors for Additional Lighting Power

When non-mandatory lighting controls are installed beyond code requirements, the lighting schedule is adjusted to account for their energy-saving effect. Divide the schedule by (1 + CF).

| Control Device/Strategy                                                   | Control Factor (CF) | Notes                           |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Manual continuous dimming + separate control of general and task lighting | 0.05                | Must control ≥50% of luminaires |
| Programmable multi-level dimming (≥3 levels)                              | 0.05                | —                               |
| Occupancy sensor + automatic continuous dimming — Daylit spaces           | 0.10                | —                               |
| Occupancy sensor + automatic continuous dimming — Non-daylit spaces       | 0.05                | —                               |
| Workstation-specific personal manual dimming                              | 0.05                | —                               |
| Workstation-specific occupancy sensor + automatic dimming                 | 0.10                | —                               |

> **Usage:** If control factor CF = 0.10, divide hourly lighting schedule values by (1 + 0.10) = 1.10

### Table G3.7: Occupancy Sensor Reduction Factors (Complete)

For non-mandatory occupancy sensors, reduce the lighting schedule by (Reduction Factor × 0.25). This accounts for periods when spaces are unoccupied during scheduled operating hours.

| Space Type                      | Factor | Space Type                     | Factor |
| ------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------------------ | ------ |
| Auditorium                      | 0.10   | Locker Room                    | 0.45   |
| Bank/Office — Banking Activity  | 0.10   | Lounge/Breakroom               | 0.45   |
| Classroom/Lecture/Training      | 0.30   | Medical/Clinical Care          | 0.10   |
| Computer Room                   | 0.35   | Museum                         | 0.10   |
| Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose | 0.35   | Office — Enclosed              | 0.30   |
| Convention Center               | 0.35   | Office — Open Plan             | 0.15   |
| Copy/Print Room                 | 0.30   | Parking Garage Area            | 0.15   |
| Corridor                        | 0.25   | Pharmacy Area                  | 0.05   |
| Courtroom                       | 0.15   | Police/Fire Station            | 0.10   |
| Dining Area                     | 0.35   | Post Office — Sorting Area     | 0.05   |
| Electrical/Mechanical           | 0.45   | Religious Building             | 0.15   |
| Emergency Room                  | 0.10   | Restroom                       | 0.45   |
| Exam/Treatment Room             | 0.20   | Retail Sales Area              | 0.15   |
| Food Preparation                | 0.05   | Stairwell                      | 0.75   |
| Gymnasium/Exercise Center       | 0.25   | Storage                        | 0.45   |
| Hospital Corridor               | 0.20   | Transportation (Air/Train/Bus) | 0.15   |
| Hospital Patient Room           | 0.45   | Waiting Area                   | 0.20   |
| Hotel Guest Room                | 0.45   | Warehouse — Bulk Storage       | 0.45   |
| Laboratory                      | 0.25   | Warehouse — Fine Material      | 0.30   |
| Library                         | 0.35   | Workshop                       | 0.20   |
| Lobby                           | 0.30   | All Other                      | 0.10   |

> **Usage:** For enclosed office (factor = 0.30), reduce lighting schedule by 0.30 × 0.25 = 0.075 (7.5%)

## 12. Service Water Heating Tables

Service water heating efficiency requirements apply to the budget building. The proposed building may have better efficiency for trade-off purposes.

### Table 7.8: Service Water Heating Equipment Efficiency (Complete)

| Equipment Type                     | Size Category                        | Subcategory          | Performance Required           | Test Procedure |
| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------------------- | ------------------------------ | -------------- |
| **Electric Storage Water Heaters** |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Electric Storage                   | ≤12 gal (45 L)                       | —                    | UEF ≥ 0.93                     | 10 CFR 430     |
| Electric Storage                   | >12 gal and ≤55 gal                  | —                    | UEF ≥ 0.95 – (0.00035 × V)     | 10 CFR 430     |
| Electric Storage                   | >55 gal and ≤100 gal                 | —                    | UEF ≥ 2.06 – (0.0061 × V)      | 10 CFR 430     |
| Electric Storage                   | >100 gal                             | —                    | SL ≤ 0.8 + (27/Vm)             | ASHRAE 90.1    |
| **Gas Storage Water Heaters**      |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Gas Storage                        | ≤75,000 Btu/h                        | ≤55 gal              | UEF ≥ 0.64 – (0.0009 × V)      | 10 CFR 430     |
| Gas Storage                        | ≤75,000 Btu/h                        | >55 gal and ≤100 gal | UEF ≥ 0.78 – (0.0018 × V)      | 10 CFR 430     |
| Gas Storage                        | >75,000 Btu/h                        | <4,000 Btu/h·gal     | Et ≥ 80%; SL ≤ (Q/800 + 110√V) | ANSI Z21.10.3  |
| Gas Storage                        | >75,000 Btu/h                        | ≥4,000 Btu/h·gal     | Et ≥ 80%; SL ≤ (Q/800 + 110√V) | ANSI Z21.10.3  |
| **Oil Storage Water Heaters**      |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Oil Storage                        | ≤105,000 Btu/h                       | ≤50 gal              | UEF ≥ 0.60 – (0.0006 × V)      | 10 CFR 430     |
| Oil Storage                        | >105,000 Btu/h                       | <4,000 Btu/h·gal     | Et ≥ 78%; SL ≤ (Q/800 + 110√V) | UL 732         |
| Oil Storage                        | >105,000 Btu/h                       | ≥4,000 Btu/h·gal     | Et ≥ 80%; SL ≤ (Q/800 + 110√V) | UL 732         |
| **Instantaneous Water Heaters**    |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Electric Instant                   | <12 kW                               | —                    | UEF ≥ 0.91                     | 10 CFR 430     |
| Electric Instant                   | ≥12 kW                               | —                    | Et ≥ 99%                       | ANSI Z21.10.3  |
| Gas Instantaneous                  | <200,000 Btu/h                       | —                    | UEF ≥ 0.82                     | 10 CFR 430     |
| Gas Instantaneous                  | ≥200,000 Btu/h                       | —                    | Et ≥ 80%                       | ANSI Z21.10.3  |
| **Hot-Water Supply Boilers**       |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| HW Supply Boiler, Gas              | ≥300,000 Btu/h and ≤12,500,000 Btu/h | —                    | Et ≥ 80%                       | AHRI 1500      |
| HW Supply Boiler, Oil              | ≥300,000 Btu/h and ≤12,500,000 Btu/h | —                    | Et ≥ 80%                       | AHRI 1500      |
| **Pool Heaters**                   |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Pool Heater, Gas                   | All Sizes                            | —                    | Et ≥ 82%                       | AHRI 146       |
| Pool Heater, Oil                   | All Sizes                            | —                    | Et ≥ 78%                       | AHRI 146       |
| Pool Heater, Heat Pump             | All Sizes                            | —                    | COP ≥ 4.0                      | AHRI 1160      |
| **Heat Pump Water Heaters**        |                                      |                      |                                |                |
| Heat Pump WH                       | ≤24 amps and ≤250 volts              | —                    | UEF ≥ 2.20                     | 10 CFR 430     |
| Heat Pump WH                       | >24 amps or >250 volts               | —                    | COP ≥ 2.2                      | AHRI 1200      |

**Variable Definitions:**

* V = Rated storage volume (gallons)
* Vm = Measured storage volume (gallons)
* Q = Nameplate input rate (Btu/h)
* UEF = Uniform Energy Factor
* Et = Thermal efficiency (%)
* SL = Standby loss (Btu/h for electric; %/h for gas/oil)

### Table G3.1.1-2: Baseline Service Water Heating System

When the proposed SWH system type is not in Table 7.8, use this table to determine the budget building SWH configuration.

| Building Type                          | SWH Type                   | Energy Source |
| -------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------- |
| Assembly                               | Storage water heater       | Electric      |
| Education                              | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Food Service — Fast Food               | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Food Service — Full Service            | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Grocery Store                          | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Healthcare — Hospital                  | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Healthcare — Outpatient                | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Hotel/Motel (≤150 rooms)               | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Hotel/Motel (>150 rooms)               | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Manufacturing/Industrial               | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Multifamily Residential — Common Areas | Instantaneous water heater | Gas           |
| Office                                 | Storage water heater       | Electric      |
| Public Order and Safety                | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Religious Worship                      | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Residential Dwelling Units             | Per proposed fuel type     | Per proposed  |
| Retail — Stand Alone                   | Storage water heater       | Electric      |
| Retail — Strip Mall                    | Storage water heater       | Electric      |
| School — Primary/Secondary             | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| School — University                    | Storage water heater       | Gas           |
| Warehouse (nonrefrigerated)            | Storage water heater       | Electric      |

## 13. Fan Power & Economizer Tables

Fan power limits and economizer requirements are mandatory provisions. The budget building must comply with these requirements, and the proposed building fan power affects simulation results.

### Table 6.5.3.1-1: Fan Power Limitation

| Fan System Type | Limit (W per cfm) | Limit (W per L/s) |
| --------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |
| Constant Volume | 0.40              | 0.85              |
| Variable Volume | 0.50              | 1.06              |

### Table 6.5.3.1-2: Fan Power Pressure Drop Adjustments (Complete)

These adjustments increase the allowable fan power when specific components add pressure drop to the system. Calculate total allowable fan power by adding applicable adjustments to the base limit.

| Device/Component                                     | Pressure Adjustment (in. w\.c.) | Power Adjustment (W/cfm) |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
| **Credits (Reduce Allowable Fan Power)**             |                                 |                          |
| No central cooling coil in system                    | -0.70                           | -0.0625                  |
| No central heating coil in system                    | -0.40                           | -0.0358                  |
| **Return/Exhaust Air Systems**                       |                                 |                          |
| Ducted return required by code/accreditation         | +0.50                           | +0.0447                  |
| Exhaust system required by code/accreditation        | +0.25                           | +0.0224                  |
| **Filtration**                                       |                                 |                          |
| Particulate filtration MERV 9 through 12             | +0.30                           | +0.0268                  |
| Particulate filtration MERV 13 through 15            | +0.60                           | +0.0536                  |
| Particulate filtration MERV 16 and greater           | +0.80                           | +0.0715                  |
| Carbon or other gas-phase air cleaning               | +0.80                           | +0.0715                  |
| Biosafety cabinet                                    | +0.40                           | +0.0358                  |
| **Energy Recovery**                                  |                                 |                          |
| Energy recovery device ≥75% sensible effectiveness   | +0.70                           | +0.0626                  |
| Energy recovery device ≥60% and <75% sensible eff.   | +0.50                           | +0.0447                  |
| **Sound Attenuation**                                |                                 |                          |
| Sound attenuation section (fans serving NC ≤ 35)     | +0.15                           | +0.0134                  |
| **Laboratory/Specialty Exhaust**                     |                                 |                          |
| Exhaust system for fume hoods with final filters     | +0.80                           | +0.0715                  |
| Exhaust system serving laboratory or vivarium        | +0.35                           | +0.0313                  |
| **Other**                                            |                                 |                          |
| Evaporative humidifier or cooler in series with coil | +0.40                           | +0.0358                  |
| Dehumidification coil in series with cooling coil    | +0.50                           | +0.0447                  |
| Fully ducted supply and return systems               | +0.20                           | +0.0179                  |

### Table 6.5.1.1.3: Economizer High-Limit Shutoff (Complete)

High-limit shutoff determines when the economizer disables and the system switches to mechanical cooling. Different control strategies are appropriate for different climate zones.

| Climate Zone | Fixed Dry-Bulb | Differential Dry-Bulb | Fixed Enthalpy       | Differential Enthalpy |
| ------------ | -------------- | --------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------- |
| 0A, 0B       | NR             | NR                    | NR                   | NR                    |
| 1A           | 75°F (24°C)    | NR                    | 28 Btu/lb (65 kJ/kg) | NR                    |
| 1B           | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 2A           | 75°F (24°C)    | NR                    | 28 Btu/lb            | OA < RA               |
| 2B           | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 3A           | 75°F (24°C)    | NR                    | 28 Btu/lb            | OA < RA               |
| 3B, 3C       | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 4A           | 70°F (21°C)    | NR                    | 25 Btu/lb (58 kJ/kg) | OA < RA               |
| 4B, 4C       | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 5A           | 70°F (21°C)    | OA < RA               | 25 Btu/lb            | OA < RA               |
| 5B, 5C       | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 6A           | 70°F (21°C)    | OA < RA               | 25 Btu/lb            | OA < RA               |
| 6B           | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |
| 7, 8         | 75°F (24°C)    | OA < RA               | 28 Btu/lb            | NR                    |

**Notes:**

* OA < RA = Outside air temperature is less than return air temperature
* NR = Not Recommended for this climate zone

### Table 6.5.1.1: Economizer Requirements

| Climate Zone   | Economizer Required? | Cooling Capacity Threshold |
| -------------- | -------------------- | -------------------------- |
| 0A, 0B, 1A, 1B | No                   | —                          |
| 2A, 2B         | Yes                  | ≥65,000 Btu/h (19 kW)      |
| 3A, 3B, 3C     | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |
| 4A, 4B, 4C     | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |
| 5A, 5B, 5C     | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |
| 6A, 6B         | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |
| 7              | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |
| 8              | Yes                  | ≥54,000 Btu/h (16 kW)      |

### Table 6.5.6.1: Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Requirements (Excerpt)

Energy recovery is required when systems exceed certain size and outdoor air thresholds. This table shows minimum design supply fan airflow requiring energy recovery.

| Climate Zone | ≥30% and <40% OA | ≥40% and <50% OA | ≥50% and <60% OA | ≥60% and <70% OA | ≥70% and <80% OA | ≥80% OA    |
| ------------ | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| 0A, 0B, 1B   | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR         |
| 1A           | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR               | ≥1,000 cfm |
| 2A           | NR               | NR               | NR               | NR               | ≥5,500 cfm       | ≥1,500 cfm |
| 3A           | NR               | NR               | NR               | ≥5,500 cfm       | ≥2,000 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm |
| 4A           | NR               | NR               | ≥5,500 cfm       | ≥2,000 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm       | ≥500 cfm   |
| 5A           | NR               | ≥5,500 cfm       | ≥2,500 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm       | ≥500 cfm         | ≥0 cfm     |
| 6A           | NR               | ≥4,500 cfm       | ≥2,000 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm       | ≥0 cfm           | ≥0 cfm     |
| 7            | NR               | ≥2,500 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm       | ≥500 cfm         | ≥0 cfm           | ≥0 cfm     |
| 8            | ≥2,500 cfm       | ≥1,000 cfm       | ≥0 cfm           | ≥0 cfm           | ≥0 cfm           | ≥0 cfm     |

**Notes:** NR = Not Required; ≥0 cfm = Required for all systems; Energy recovery effectiveness ≥50% sensible or enthalpy

## 14. Piping & Duct Insulation Tables

Piping and duct insulation are mandatory requirements. These tables specify minimum insulation thickness based on pipe size, fluid temperature, and duct location.

### Table 6.8.3-1: Piping Insulation Thickness (Complete)

| Fluid Temperature Range (°F)                             | Mean Rating Temp (°F) | <1" Pipe | 1" to <1½" | 1½" to <4" | 4" to <8" | ≥8"  |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | -------- | ---------- | ---------- | --------- | ---- |
| **Heating Systems (Hot Water, Steam, Steam Condensate)** |                       |          |            |            |           |      |
| >350                                                     | 250                   | 2.5"     | 3.0"       | 3.5"       | 3.5"      | 3.5" |
| 251-350                                                  | 200                   | 2.0"     | 2.5"       | 2.5"       | 3.0"      | 3.0" |
| 201-250                                                  | 150                   | 1.5"     | 2.0"       | 2.0"       | 2.5"      | 2.5" |
| 141-200                                                  | 125                   | 1.0"     | 1.5"       | 1.5"       | 1.5"      | 1.5" |
| 105-140                                                  | 100                   | 0.5"     | 1.0"       | 1.0"       | 1.0"      | 1.0" |
| **Cooling Systems (Chilled Water, Refrigerant, Brine)**  |                       |          |            |            |           |      |
| 40-55                                                    | 75                    | 0.5"     | 0.5"       | 1.0"       | 1.0"      | 1.0" |
| <40                                                      | 75                    | 1.0"     | 1.0"       | 1.5"       | 1.5"      | 1.5" |

**Notes:**

* Insulation thickness shown in inches
* For piping exposed to outdoor conditions, increase thickness by 0.5 inches
* Conductivity range: 0.22-0.28 Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F) at mean temperature

### Table 6.8.2-1: Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value

| Climate Zone | Supply Ducts     | Return Ducts        |          |       |      |
| ------------ | ---------------- | ------------------- | -------- | ----- | ---- |
| Exterior     | Ventilated Attic | Unconditioned Space | Exterior | Other |      |
| 1-2          | R-6              | R-8                 | R-4      | R-4   | None |
| 3-4          | R-6              | R-8                 | R-6      | R-4   | None |
| 5-8          | R-8              | R-8                 | R-8      | R-6   | R-4  |

## 15. Submittal Requirements (Section 11.7)

Documentation requirements are essential for permit approval. Section 11.7 specifies exactly what must be submitted for permit application and upon project completion.

### 11.7.1 — General Requirements

Compliance documentation per Section 4.2.2:

<table><thead><tr><th width="137">Section</th><th>Requirement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>4.2.2.1</td><td>Construction documents including all pertinent data and features in sufficient detail for plan review</td></tr><tr><td>4.2.2.2</td><td>Supplemental information including calculations, worksheets, compliance forms, manufacturer literature</td></tr><tr><td>4.2.2.3</td><td>Operating and maintenance manuals per Sections 5.7.3.2, 6.7.3.2, 7.7.3.2, 8.7.3.2, 9.7.3.2, 10.7.3.2</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 11.7.2 — Permit Application Documentation (15 Required Items)

<table><thead><tr><th width="148">Item</th><th>Requirement</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>(a)</td><td>Energy Cost Results</td><td>ECB for budget building AND DEC for proposed design</td></tr><tr><td>(b)</td><td>Simulation Program</td><td>Program name AND version number</td></tr><tr><td>(c)</td><td>Project Overview</td><td>Number of stories (above/below grade), typical floor size, building uses, gross area of each use, whether spaces are conditioned</td></tr><tr><td>(d)</td><td>Energy Feature List</td><td>All energy-related features; document ALL features that differ between ECB and DEC</td></tr><tr><td>(e)</td><td>Mandatory Compliance</td><td>Demonstration of compliance with Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, and 10.4</td></tr><tr><td>(f)</td><td>Building Drawings</td><td>Elevations AND floor plans</td></tr><tr><td>(g)</td><td>Thermal Block Diagram</td><td>Diagram showing thermal blocks used in simulation</td></tr><tr><td>(h)</td><td>Modeling Assumptions</td><td>Explanation of significant modeling assumptions</td></tr><tr><td>(i)</td><td>Backup Calculations</td><td>U-factors, NFRC ratings, end uses per Table 11.5.1 Category 1(a)</td></tr><tr><td>(j)</td><td>Simulation Reports</td><td>Input AND output reports; energy breakdown by end-use; unmet load hours for BOTH models</td></tr><tr><td>(k)</td><td>Energy Rates</td><td>Purchased energy rates used in simulation</td></tr><tr><td>(l)</td><td>Error Messages</td><td>Explanation of any error or warning messages from simulation</td></tr><tr><td>(m)</td><td>Exceptional Calculations</td><td>If used: predicted energy savings, cost savings, narrative description, theoretical/empirical support</td></tr><tr><td>(n)</td><td>Renewable Energy</td><td>DEC reduction from on-site renewable energy systems</td></tr><tr><td>(o)</td><td>Standard 140 Compliance</td><td>Software version AND link to ASHRAE Standard 140 test results</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 11.7.3: Completion Requirements (Within 90 Days of Occupancy)

<table><thead><tr><th width="154">Section</th><th>System</th><th>Required Documentation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>5.7.3</td><td>Envelope</td><td>Air leakage verification; insulation documentation; O&#x26;M manuals</td></tr><tr><td>6.7.3</td><td>HVAC</td><td>Equipment location and performance; duct and pipe configuration with sizes; terminal flow rates; O&#x26;M manuals; service agency contacts; control sequences and setpoints; system balancing report (zones >5,000 ft² / 460 m²)</td></tr><tr><td>7.7.3</td><td>SWH</td><td>Record documents and manuals per industry standards</td></tr><tr><td>8.7.3</td><td>Power</td><td>Record documents and manuals per industry standards</td></tr><tr><td>9.7.3</td><td>Lighting</td><td>Record documents and manuals per industry standards</td></tr><tr><td>10.7.3</td><td>Other Equipment</td><td>Record documents and manuals per industry standards</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 16. Compliance Checklists

Use these checklists to ensure all requirements are addressed during the ECB compliance process. Check off each item as it is completed.

### Pre-Modeling Checklist

* ECB method appropriate for project type verified
* AHJ acceptance of ECB compliance path confirmed
* Approved simulation software obtained (Standard 140 tested)
* TMY climate data gathered for project location
* Utility rate schedules obtained from local utilities
* Design documents compiled (architectural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing)
* Climate zone identified per Appendix B or IECC

### Mandatory Requirements Checklist

* Section 5.4 envelope mandatory provisions met (insulation, fenestration ratings, air leakage, vestibules)
* Section 6.4 HVAC mandatory provisions met (equipment efficiency, controls, DCV)
* Section 6.5 or 6.6 HVAC prescriptive requirements met
* Section 7.4 SWH mandatory provisions met (efficiency, piping insulation, heat traps)
* Section 8.4 power mandatory provisions met (voltage drop, receptacle control, monitoring)
* Section 9.4 lighting mandatory provisions met (controls, tandem wiring, exit signs)
* Section 10.4 other equipment mandatory met (motor efficiency, elevators, escalators)

### Model Development Checklist

* Proposed model reflects design documents for envelope, lighting, HVAC, SWH
* All conditioned spaces modeled as BOTH heated AND cooled
* Temperature and humidity schedules identical in proposed and budget
* Envelope modeled per drawings; budget using prescriptive values from Tables 5.5-0 to 5.5-8
* Lighting power calculated correctly; budget at maximum LPD per Section 9.2
* Thermal blocks properly defined per Categories 7-9
* Proposed HVAC mapped to correct budget system type per Rule (j)
* SWH modeled correctly; budget at minimum efficiency per Table 7.8
* Miscellaneous loads identical in proposed and budget
* Fan power within limits per Table 6.5.3.1-1 (with adjustments from 6.5.3.1-2)
* Economizers modeled per Section 6.5.1 requirements

### Results Verification Checklist

* DEC ≤ ECB (primary compliance criterion)
* Unmet load hours ≤ 300 for both proposed and budget models
* Proposed unmet load hours ≤ budget unmet load hours
* No simulation errors; all warnings explained
* Energy end-use breakdown is reasonable and documented
* Results reviewed for reasonableness (comparison to similar buildings)

### Documentation Checklist (15 Items per Section 11.7.2)

* (a) Energy cost results — DEC and ECB values
* (b) Simulation program — Name and version
* (c) Project overview — Building description and spaces
* (d) Energy feature list — All features, noting differences between models
* (e) Mandatory compliance — Demonstration for all sections
* (f) Building drawings — Elevations and floor plans
* (g) Thermal block diagram — Zone layout for simulation
* (h) Modeling assumptions — Key assumptions documented
* (i) Backup calculations — U-factors, ratings, end uses
* (j) Simulation reports — Input/output with energy breakdown and unmet hours
* (k) Energy rates — Utility rate schedules used
* (l) Error messages — Explanations for any errors/warnings
* (m) Exceptional calculations — If applicable
* (n) Renewable energy — If applicable
* (o) Standard 140 compliance — Version and test results link